TreeOf Live – Source AvatarAngels Fear – The Sacred Destroyed
FALLEN ANGELS FEAR an obvious wordplay which crossed my mind after a blog reader pointed out that Bateson’s book Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred might be of relevance to me.
FALLEN ANGELS FEAR
The title created immediately multiple associations and images, so I became curious and got the book. Bateson presents from a anthropologist view concepts and topology of structure- determined recursion – in a nutshell – sacred aesthetics of fractal recursion.
Douglas Hofstadter articulated fractal recursions mathematically in his book Goedel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid , 1979. The Bateson’s (father and daughter) define ecology and aesthetics, combining them to ecological aesthetics viewed at every level from the cellular to the cultural to the religious from a communicative perspective. Angels Fear is food for thought and relevant indeed, this book is for anyone who feels that there is more to life than logic and science. Bateson’s main thesis is that aesthetics, beauty, and the spiritual are as valid as logic and science. It is an original synthesis of cybernetics, biology, anthropology (his daughter is anthropologist) but avoids New Age. The book resounds very well with my Jungian and spiritual side, although Jung has covered that area much broader and more coherent from empirical science as a physician.
Like the psychoanalyst C. G. Jung, Gregory Bateson never really says what the sacred actually is. To both, it is just beyond their scope, something which is beyond facile descriptions. The sacred ( to me the religious realm) is common intuitive knowledge in every human experience. The Ego (lets say mind) and unconsciousness cannot meet easily., hence there is a necessary gap between the two – so Bateson is essentially saying that our attempts to explain our human experience is always and necessarily incomplete. And that there is a lot more to life and mind than meets consciousness and unconsciousness depersonified. That is true, but hardly new – in Bateson’s words:
‘But the bits and pieces of mind which appear before consciousness invariably give a false picture of mind as a whole. The systemic character of mind is never there depicted, because the sampling is governed by purpose. We never see in consciousness that the mind is like an ecosystem – a self-corrective network of circuits. We only see arcs of these circuits. And the instinctive vulgarity of scientists consists precisely in mistaking these arcs for the larger truth, i.e., thinking that because what is seen by consciousness has one character, the total mind must have the same character.Freud’s personified ‘ego’, ‘id’, ‘super-ego’ are, in fact not, truly personified at all. Each of his components is constructed in the image of only consciousness (even though the component may be unconscious) and the ‘consciousness’ does not resemble a total person. The isolated consciousness is necessarily depersonified. The whole iceberg does not have those characteristics which could be guessed at from looking only at what is above water. I mean: the iceberg does – mind does not. Mind is not like an iceberg.”
The way that humans have dealt with this feature of human existence were religions.
‘The point is that, even before modern technology, something had to be done about the innate split between consciousness and the rest of the mind, because the unaided consciousness would always wreck human relations. Because the unaided consciousness must always combine the wisdom of the dove with the harmlessness of the serpent. And I will tell you what they did in the old Stone Age to deal with that split. Religion is what they did. It’s that simple, and religion is whatever they could devise to beat into man the fact that most of him (and, analogously, most of his society and the ecosystem around him) was systemic in nature and imperceptible to his consciousness. This included dreams and trances, intoxication, castration, rituals, human sacrifices, myths of all sorts, invocations of death, art, poetry, music and so on. And of course, they did not and could not really say or know clearly what it was they were doing or why. And, often, it did not work.” [Bateson]
Oh yes, it did work. The rise of psychoanalytic but also New Age quacks clearly is attributed to the decline of religion in the West. After pseudo-religious totalitarian states collapsed, the former religions came back and vice versa. To fully live in our humanness we must ‘give away’ our Ego to our Self but resist the temptation futile attempts to describe or explain these experiences in a language of conscious .
Self
Here is what Wittgenstein says about this individuation (or religious) effort.
“My whole tendency and I believe the tendency of all men who ever tried to write or talk Ethics or Religion was to run up against the boundaries of language. This running up against the walls of our cage is perfectly, absolutely hopeless. Ethics so far as it springs from the desire to say something about the ultimate meaning of life, the absolute good, the absolute valuable, can be no science. But it is a document of a tendency in the human mind which I personally cannot help respecting deeply and I would not for my life ridicule it. ” [1929]
In this quote we can see that whatever we manage to concoct remains entirely our own subjective property (and thus a sense which never can proved), but that, on the other hand, we can and must transcend by making efforts to move beyond the ‘limits of language’, by bringing into question our given limits and by choosing domains where our understandings break down. In the view of Bateson, the willingness to make this effort is a symptom of the sacred . So far so good. Did not mathematics, art and nature always cross the boundary of language in the search of ascetics and perfection?
Structure-determined recursion
Escher – structure determined recursion
Angels Fear argues that the science of biology required an ecological aesthetic because biology, like any self-recursive communication system, must become aware of the disruption of its own relations with the unity of nature to understand science’s limitation in a spiritual (if not even religious) realm. In other words, biology becomes bad science, by violation of ” Gods plan”, be it tho one known by Christianity or Taoism and/or Zen Buddhism. Christianity and Western cultures subsequently science have a linear concept of time and structures. C. G. Jung understood the true nature of time (linear, cyclical, and recursive), which generations have struggled to comprehend except ancient religions Taoists and Hindus knew.
There are two processes of recursion, the one semantic and interpretative , the other structural. Like C. G. Jung, the Batesons conclude that the world of signals and signs (or images and symbols) are an universal and collective aspect of living systems, neglected by hard (and I might add soft) science). Goedel, Escher, Bach describes many instances of such recursion and self-reference, where symbols and archetypes speak about or refer back to themselves. To describe such self-referencing objects, Hofstadter coins the term “strange loop”. To escape many of the logical contradictions brought about by these self-referencing objects, Hofstadter discusses Zen koans. He attempts to show readers how to perceive reality outside their own experience and embrace such paradoxical questions by rejecting the premise.
Computer programs use functions (or methods in OOP) which can call other functions, and also themselves. When a function calls itself, it is called recursive. The nature of programming is itself recursive. Programming languages are defined by grammars which are recursive, which is why programming has infinite possibilities. On a higher level, the programmer is always seeking to abstract and generalize essential pieces, so that they can be re-used in different contexts instead of re-written. A programmer and nature tries to repeat their processes by recursion), always attempting to find the most elegant solution to the problem. Eventually the solution arrives at a “metastable place and when in the future that model itself is transcended, the new model will be inside yet a higher meta-model (recursion), and so on. The higher up this pyramid of models, the more perfect the program seems. However, this pyramid has no end. This is why perfection is impossible – but beauty is the way and the way is the destination.
Recursion is all around us. It is in our computers, in our cells, in the plants we eat, in our brain, in the land we walk on, in Goedel’s incompleteness theorem, in Escher’s art, and in Bach’s music.
Mathematical aesthetics
The Platonic Solids sacred-geometry
Kepler presents in Harmonices Mundi (The Harmony of the World, 1619) his findings about the concept of congruence with respect to diverse categories of the physical domain: regularities in three-dimensional geometry, the relationships among different species of magnitude, the principles of consonance in music, and the organization of the Solar System. Here we seek to highlight issues that provide a flavor of his thought:
“On the regular figures, the harmonic proportions they create, their source, their classes, their order, and their distinction into knowability and representability.”
This expanded his investigation of three-dimensional geometric shapes, notably of the semi-regular Archimedean Solids earlier, in the 1597 Mysterium Cosmographicum. Kepler proposed that a nested arrangement of the Platonic Solids determines the spacing between the planetary orbits of the known five planets. As engineer, and having programmed highly complex communication systems in a former live, I did observe, that only aesthetic solutions are good solutions (and programs). Well, programming was art then, before MS came into the picture. Angels fears resound from a biological view Greek philosophy: ” beauty can’t be evil”.
Indeed there are connections between mathematical aesthetics and spiritual receptiveness (religiosity). For example, I am having a hard time with my son and failed with daughter to show them how beautiful mathematic is. I am almost thinking it’s not my failure, but a systemic failure of a society which becomes intellectually flat and subsequently spiritual deaf (or vice versa). When I grew up, there was a book in our house that was called “The magic of numbers” – a brief history of numbers. Much later I read Hofstadter, with his unique synergy of art, mathematics, music, philosophy, symbolic logic, computers, genetics, paradoxes, palindromes and Zen koans among many, many other things. Most of it is still over my head like some aspects of structure- determined recursion. However this “nerd bible” is in a way like in religion and theology, revealing or disclosing some some form of truth or knowledge for (us) nerds: differently stated by the Austrian mathematician Kurt Goedel , the Dutch artist M.C. Escher and the Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach. It became a cult classic , while a later book, I am a Strange Loop, goes to far darker side.
Hofstadter was fascinated by visual and conceptual loops: feedback, self-reference, recursiveness, anything that curved back on itself in an unexpected way. Goofing around with a video camera, Hofstadter pointed it straight at the TV screen to create an infinite receding tunnel of video feedback, some copy cat of it you might have seen in any modern art museum. Those themes–recursive loops and the physical origins of consciousness–get braided together in I Am a Strange Loop in unexpected ways. Goedel demonstrated in 1931 that conventional mathematics, which we think of as a supremely logical and consistent system, is actually capable of making all sorts of strange, paradoxical, self-referential statements about itself. There are mathematical statements that, while true, can never be proved. How can something be both true and unprovable? This idea, loosely known as “incompleteness,” came as a logical bombshell to all mathematical philosophers (like Wittgenstein) but in a way was inherent in Heisenberg’s famous uncertainty principle. It turns out that mathematics isn’t a neat straight line; it’s a loop, and so is life (if you are lucky enough to have kids).
Now I do see here a connection with the human mind and the main thesis of Angles Fear. The brain, if seen merely as a cluster of firing neurons (or like Freud of a linear, determined machine), shouldn’t by rights be able to think–it shouldn’t be able to wake up, think, become aware of itself, and in doing so become an “I am” but it does. Just Plato observed in his famous cave example: reality is a strange, self-referential loop–it’s a mirage, but “a very peculiar kind of mirage … a mirage that perceived itself, and of course it didn’t believe that it was perceiving a mirage, but no matter–it still was a mirage.”
Hofstadter and Bateson occupy a middle ground: it’s neither spiritual nor is it locked into the cold neurological materialism of cellular mechanics. The same rings true with C.G. Jung, a friend of the great physician Pauli, to whom the human mind (and reality) is a bright, shimmering, self-sustaining miracle of collective archetypical : vague, metaphorical, ambiguous, and always exceedingly beautiful object oriented programming (OOP). Actually on a side remark, Jung’s very ambiguous description of archetypes (per se), symbols and images can be easily likened to objects and abstract classes found in computer science. My father lives in me, a faint but real copy of his software running on my neural hardware. Hofstadter says. “If you believe that what makes for consciousness is some kind of abstract pattern, then it’s sort of self-evident fact that whatever pattern exists in my brain could exist in other physical structures in the world.
Ecological aesthetics – fractal recursion
tree-result
Ever went hiking and looked closely to trees? Trees are beautiful and fractal. Trees played an important role in the movie Avatar and in Tolkien books.Fractals can be generated by a program that defines a recursive process, and the resulting tree is a recursive structure. Curiously, such recursive structures and processes are found everywhere in nature. This program grows a simple tree (no sun, no other plants, no storm) recursively, by adding two branches to the end of the current branch until it bottoms out. Bottoming out happens when the tree has branched a certain number of times. The size of the two new branches relative to the current one is determined by the sizeFactor variable. The angle at which the two new branches will branch out relative to the current one is determined by the angleFactor variable. The height of the first tree is determined by trunkHeight, and the number of levels of recursion (the number of times the tree branches into new trees until it bottoms out) is determined by depth. Investigation of social and biological systems is not equivalent to investigation of physical systems, Bateson states, for all social and biological science is participant investigation, unlike the observer-oriented science of physical systems. As the example shows, this is not always correct for social science and as Pauli and Heisenberg found out not even true in quantum physics. Angels Fear proposes an ecological aesthetics within the unity of life, akin to the notion of the unity inherent in the sacred aspects of religion – and I would see also in what C.G. Jung coined as collective archetypes. That requires an epistemology, a set of procedures about how one might investigate the phenomenon of unity and derive from further understanding of holism, its order and its organization. Many regularities contribute to their own determination. In biology, Bateson argues that recursive regularities cannot be simply read-out or treated solely in an abstract context. Again the psychoanalytic C.G. Jung and the quantum physics Pail would disagree. According to Angels Fear, another pattern permits rather than to deny circularity at the point of re-entry. These processes ‘bootstrap’ circularity so that any ‘top’ is continuously re-cycled through a ‘bottom’ and thus all cycles in between are able to support themselves in their own circularities creating aesthetics.
The beauty of a landscape or organism affects human emotions as well as ecological facts. Aesthetic preferences determine whether landscapes are viewed as beautiful, sustainable or threatened. Naturally these preferences are subjective and have changed through time and may reflect sociological context. However, while communication of ecological research may change public perception of nature, certain facts remain until today. A house on the hill not only looks good, but one does not get the feet wet, the air more healthy and you see whats coming. Beauty has always been recognized as a fundamental part of the human experience but, like truth and evilness, beauty is a complex term that resists simple definition (outside mathematics). Among the more persistent descriptions are terms like: a harmony of parts, unity in diversity,low complexity, high integration, recursive patterns and clarity—qualities readily observable in nature. The French scientist Henri Poincaré (1913:336) wrote: “…the scientist does not study nature because it is useful; he studies it because he delights in it, and he delights in it because it is beautiful. If nature were not beautiful it would not be worth knowing, and if nature were not worth knowing, life would not be worth living”. Aesthetic preferences clearly have played an evolutionary role in the development and the persistence of our species. C.G. Jung discussed how collective cultural responses , partially via development of aesthetic symbols over time, may have led to the survival of ancestral hominids through a deeper understanding of ecological phenomena, nature and human mind.
True and False – Right or wrong – good or evil – black or white
Seen from aesthetic epistemology, Kant’s definition of aesthetic judgment is exemplary of the subjective activity of judgment, the harmony of imagination and understanding. Unlike ordinary empirical judgment, aesthetic judgment phenomenologically reveals to us a synthesizing holistic activity. Aesthetic judgment is in the center of Kant’s epistemological project in order to show that our minds are capable of getting at something outside of ourselves in the world. Furthermore it commits to the necessary relation between the aesthetic judgment’s beauty and the reflective judgment’s logical principle of nature’s purposiveness. The principle of nature’s purposiveness must be grounded in the principle of beauty because of empirical cognition. On can indeed characterize aesthetic judgment as a resistance to or interruption of cognition.
Science has its own version of epistemology, but most of these lie in a scientific methodology and axioms. Western science rarely argues from a holistic view, and if so, it becomes like social sciences often soft and meaningless. Those aspects of the world that scientific method cannot determine through breaking or interfering the object – routinely taken care in the realm of synchronicity and spirituality, and remains unexamined. It has become too easy for modern science to continue to treat the biosphere and humans as it had treated any other mechanism since the sixteenth century. Ecology as a holistic phenomenon would be a very different sort of undertaking, not only in a switch of focus from the physical dimensions of ecological objects, but also in the methodological path it takes. Explanations derived from quantitative examination would have to be reconsidered or abandoned, as would the inferences of drawn from these correlations. The major investigation would be one of how parts fit into a holistic order, and vice versa, how holistic order is contained in the recursion. Such as investigation would also require to add some modesty in the rationality driving modern science. I do not argue that this epistemology of aesthetic holism incorporating needs to return to the mediaeval realm of superstition, nor did it mean uncritical acceptance of any New Age spirituality or take over world-views of major religions. In fact, aesthetic preference may have affected our behaviors and our understanding of the natural world from ancient times to the present. Like social scientists, ecologists and biologists rarely acknowledge the way biases can affect research, and these may be significant and therefore worth discussing. It is important for scientists to recognize the inherent and subtle, yet powerful, persuasion of beauty as it shadows ecological research from conception through interpretation.
Conclusion
Athena_Perfection
Mutual acceptance of the idea that holism, unity and beauty are purposefully coincident with each other should be an integral part of any modern science deciphering Gods creation – particularly the human “imago dei”. Bateson’s argument in Angels Fear that when humans presume to ‘play God’ the consequences are grave, is sound. Also the presumption that humans can play God tempts fate in the same way that all acts of hubris do. Developmental biologist, a branch of biology that has generally been critical of the over-arching claims of the molecular biologists who have insisted for fifty years that they have discovered the blue-print of life just shows to him a wrong sense of the sacred. When the book strays in the intuitive realm of modern physics or Jung’s psychoanalysis (synchronicity and individuation) his claims are not backed by empiric science and a bit dusty (or too abstract or over my head).
For the artist, the making of the perfect piece of art has always been a purification process of his soul. When he finished his work, he knew that gods and humans alike would feel pleasure when they see the sculpture. Investigation nature, likewise ancient Greek´stated God was a geometer, and felt that aesthetically appealing objects were beautiful in and of themselves. Plato felt that beautiful objects incorporated proportion, harmony, and unity. Similarly, in his Metaphysics, Aristotle found that the universal elements of beauty were order, symmetry, and definiteness. That was clearly revived in Renaissance art again and transferred to science (just think of the Astronomer Kepler) and on secular issues of human life. Medieval art focusses´highly on religious images and symbols. Post-modern aesthetics often rebels against beauty in modernist art. This Anti-Aesthetic reaction has been described “kalliphobia” (after the Greek word for beauty kalos) which leads to an inner and outer wasteland. Although ascetics is determined by cultural contexts, a common ascetic clearly is visible and sacred. I like to believe it is recursional.
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid , Douglas R. Hofstadter
Angels Fear: Towards An Epistemology Of The Sacred by Gregory Bateson and Mary Catherine Bateson ( 2004)
Complex/Archetype/Symbol in the Psychology of C.G. Jung. J. Jacobi;
Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Sky. (From Vols. 10 and 18, Collected Works). C.G. Jung; R.F.C. Hull, trans.
Four Archetypes: (From Vol. 9, Part 1 of the Collected Works of C. G. Jung)
Psychology and the East: (From Vols. 10, 11, 13, 18 Collected Works). C.G. Jung;
Psychology and the Occult: (From Vols. 1, 8, 18 Collected Works). C.G. Jung;
Psychology and Western Religion: (From Vols. 11, 18 Collected Works). C.G. Jung;
Jung, C. G., Pauli, W. (1952): Naturerklärung und Psyche. Zürich: Rascher (Download)
C.G. Jung (1955) Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle
Wolfgang Pauli und die moderne Physik. Virtuelle Ausstellung der ETH-Bibliothek
W. Pauli, The Influence of Archetypal Ideas on the Scientific Theories of Kepler
Kepler, Harmonices mundi, Harmony of the Worlds, 1619
A primatologist’s “Image of God” reimagines divinity through our closest evolutionary relatives, the Chimp (chimpanzee), which share ~ 98.4% of human DNA. By observing their capacity for culture, tool use, empathy, and social complexity, we are challenged to expand our understanding of the divine spark beyond purely human boundaries. Maybe it’s because I am an “unchurched”, humanist and cultural religious person, but today’s anti-religious tracts and rants do bore me. However, a new book of the primatologist Frans de Waal, raised hope for new insights: The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates. He made accidentally an interesting point – the reciprocal imago dei (God’s imago modeled after human) of today’s atheists (or spiritual deaf).
I hold the opinion that God’s existence can’t be proved nor denied. God can only be experienced personally or by intuitive wisdom. Although I consider myself religious, I can only shrug my shoulder to fierce pro and con advocates. To me, religions have had a positive effect on morale and cohesion of society and intrinsic merits. Religion is formalized spirituality not an ideology, although some ideologies mutated in deadly and evil belief systems. Simply go with Kant’s categorical imperative: How would a world look like, where everybody is… greedy, hedonistic, promiscuous and spiritual deaf? You say that would look like today’s globalized world? Bertolt Brecht concluded that 50 years ago: “Erst kommt das Fressen und dann die Moral”.
Religions and the zoo
According to Mr. de Waal it would look like a zoo. Doesn’t sound completely wrong to me either. Mr. de Waal has spent his career studying chimpanzees and bonobos, two of humanity’s closest living relatives. He draws on a lifetime of empirical research and claims his data provides plenty of evidence that religion is not necessary in order for animals to display something that looks strikingly like human morality. Consequently to him Gods imago is the “Great Chimp”.
We all went in the zoo, right? While I would admit, that apes look strikingly human, throwing excrement like – say politicians, those in power monopolizing sex and generally follow interaction pattern of large corporation, I am still surprised. Is it my distorted view of moral or my different understanding of “Gods” image? Now, that is exactly where we differ, Frans de Waal, like the old Greeks, or Romans or Goths, proposes to model God after the worldly observation. Social science boldly constructs here not only the world, but also the heaven, and up there is the ultimate alfa male (chimp). There is no place for the female Hindu goddess Kali, Confucius or pantheistic Taoism. Nevermind, lets look where this leads us to.
According to primatologist, Chimps help in lab tests other chimps obtain food even though there is no benefit in doing so, or even refusing rewards themselves until their troop-mates get some. Examples also come from the wild: young chimps fetch water for oldsters who cannot manage themselves, for instance, or adopt orphaned youngsters from other families. Rhesus monkeys are recorded as tolerating handicapped similar to human Down’s syndrome. Mr de Waal’s central aim is to attack the idea that morality makes human stand apart “lower” animals. Thus, he concludes no religion is needed: No philosophy either. I doubt that. In Hinduism the goal of all mystical yearning is union of the individual soul with the universal soul. In the Adhyatma (‘spiritual’) Ramayana, a Sanskrit text dating from the fourteenth or fifteenth century, Sita represents the individual (jiva-atma), which has separated from the universal (param-atma) symbolized by Rama. In an almost Jungian interpretation, Hanuman (the chimp) here is said to personify bhakti, which annihilates the ‘ahankara’ or ego (Ravana), and re-unites the two. That can be easily translated in the Jung context : The Death of the Ego as prerequisite to find God.
Nature is our link with Creation.
In Hindu symbolism, a monkey signifies the human mind, which is ever restless and never still. This monkey-mind (consciousness) happens to be the only thing over which man has absolute control. We cannot control the world around us and cannot choose our life but we can choose the way we respond to it. Hanuman, when he was a child monkey, was tempted by the sun and he rushed towards it thinking it to be a delectable fruit. On his way however, he was distracted by the planet Rahu and changed his path. Thus Hanuman is the temperamental human intellect, which is unquiet and excitable. It is only by diverting it to the path of pure bhakti (devotion), that it can be made aware of its profound and silent essence. Hanuman is no ordinary monkey. While embarking on the search for Sita, the monkeys were confronted by the vast ocean lying between them and Lanka. They wondered how they would make their way across this mighty obstacle. Someone suggested that Hanuman jump and cross over the sea. But Hanuman was doubtful, “I cannot do that,” he said. At that moment, one of his companions reminded Hanuman of the awesome powers lying dormant within him. Instantly Hanuman regained memory of his divine strength and he successfully leaped across the ocean – the individuation. The monkey is us, specifically our conscious Ego , not God.
Religion and philosophy
Most people, the primatologist notes, accept that their bodies evolved from those of man’s predecessors, but the conceits of religion and philosophy make it much harder to accept that the same is true of human minds. I have indeed my difficulties, together with Descartes: I think – therefore I am.
I agree, that human ethical codes arise from ancient social behaviours, but not exclusively. Different versions of this can be found in a variety of animals and variety of human tribes. Often it was ritualized in spiritual or religious conduct. For Mr. de Waal, religion is just a natural consequence of combining the built-in behaviours of an intelligent, sociable ape with strong dominance hierarchies and God’s image may very well be the ultimate, old, fat chimp with the red “bottom”. Mr de Waal’s sophisticated interpretation of religion seems to make it hard for him, however, to imagine that people can take religion allegorically and spiritually.
I share his little patience for sometimes shallow, overly confident, assertive atheism of today, seeing it as tilting hopelessly against the strive for spirituality in human nature. In other words, a crowd of crashing bores treating the gospel like a car manual. Called or uncalled, God is present, was written over C.G. Jung’s door. Religious experience plays an important role in Jungian psychology. Jung, a Christian maybe of more Gnostic virtue, believed that this experience is nothing but a product of the psyche, and consequently viewed other world religions as an expression of one psychic function that has its roots deep in the collective unconscious of mankind. Jung and Mr. de Waal are strong empiricists, but to Jung religion and spirituality are based on complex archetypes not on low-level instincts.
Religion and totalitarian systems
The second thing to consider is Jung’s point of view toward religion in general, and his various attitudes with regards to fanatics and totalitarian ideologies and states: “Of course, it is not a spiritual religion in the sense in which we ordinarily use the term. But remember that in the early days of Christianity it was the church which made the claim to total power, both spiritual and temporal! Today the church no longer makes this claim, but the claim has been taken by the totalitarian states which demand not only temporal but spiritual power”.
It is no coincidence that the three most religion-hating ideologies (Maoism, Stalinism and National-Socialism) killed also most humans known in history. Jung is speaking only about the USSR and Nazi Germany (he died 1961) in a sense that those ideologies were not only secular and political, but also semi-religious. Jung speaks about totalitarian belief systems not only demanding temporal obedience but spiritual as well and covering not only the spiritual aspects of the human condition but also mundane. If one looks to Jung’s quotes closely, one can derive there are similar concepts between totalitarian religions and totalitarian systems. Thus, Mr de Waal has a wonderful convincing argument against himself. Absolute religions always have striven for absolute secular power and vice versa, and both versions exist and have power today. Deconstructional philosophy and tactics of social science is inherently inhuman. Thus, this sort of atheism is ironically also anti-humanism. As the Tao Te Ching, written by Lao-tse noted – this tactics are against the (divine) law:
When people see some things as beautiful, other things become ugly. When people see some things as good, other things become bad.
Manmade, constructed Gods (even if just for the purpose of fighting religions) are more often than not – evil.
Conclusion
Very often atheism employs a simple understanding of religions based on a personal god and ignores spirituality and pantheism. Mr de Waal’s shows convincingly that social science has to catch up with 2000 years of philosophy. Humanism is not easily found in a zoo, nor can it be a substitute religion for humans need of spirituality.
When human beings are deprived of any “image of god” (imago dei) they are reduced to numbers and seen as livestock (or primates) – result versus costs: anyone who is old, weak, sick, unwilling or just inconvenient would be starved to death or killed. It is Dante’s hell – the opposite from imago dei. Hitlers, Mao’s, Pol Pots, Stalin’s illusion of new societies, new men and totalitarian state religion crashed. Because it was not a spiritual religion, but an ideology and man-made cult utilizing instincts (and archetypes). Charley Chaplin pictured this funny in “The great Dictator”.
Hitler’s, Stalin’s, Mao’s and Pol Pot’s approach had all in common that they wanted to form new people and themselves as supreme . Their leadership cult and the state consequently asked for religious obedience. If one looks closely we find, that the concepts of totalitarian religions and systems are similar. In their focus is hate, essentially hate against humanity and clearly defined external groups or simply against everybody, which in the last essence is self-hate. Nazi racism and evilness cannot by diluted by the historical observation of Stalin’s and Mao’s motivations which were often similar national or ethnic. The starving caused by their failed industrialization policies or flawed visions left Stalin and Mao untouched by the death of double-digit millions of humans. Creating their imago as supreme semi-God, they fought a war against the nature, reason, tradition, spirituality and their own people, ultimately humanity: Can Hitler go to heaven? The evil presented in Mao, Stalin, Hitler, Pol Pot.
It is sad, that humanist movements have become strongly aligned with secularism. Germans used the term humanism to refer to Italian Renaissance and classical learning. There is of course large benefit in learning from cultural, non-Christian sources. But solely centering philosophies and morality around human kind or primates, without attention to the divine is not sound practice. Humanism or human morality, spirituality or religion are all more than sharing a banana (within the tribe).
In his book City of God, St. Augustine famously said, “without justice, what else is the state but a great band of robbers?” This statement seems to be a favorite of Pope Benedict XVI Emeritus, and he has recruited it in warning lawmakers, particularly lawmakers in the Western nations with Christian heritage, of the way to which they are headed.
He referred to these words in his address to the German Parliament or Bundestag when he visited Germany September 2011. Some years earlier, in his encyclical Deus caritas est, Pope Benedict XVI referred to those very same words.
It is useful from time to time to recall these words of St. Augustine and the deep truth that they convey especially for the EU. St. Augustine relates the story about the pirate who had been seized and brought before Alexander the Great. The cheeky pirate asks Alexander what is the real difference between a pirate and an emperor apart from the scale of action: Justice being taken away, then, what are kingdoms but great robberies? For what are robberies themselves, but little kingdoms? . For when that king had asked the man what he meant by keeping hostile possession of the sea, he answered with bold pride, “What thou meanest by seizing the whole earth; but because I do it with a petty ship, I am called a robber, whilst thou who dost it with a great fleet art styled emperor.”
The root cause is the loss of Love.
Love is the greatest power on Earth
Obligation without love is irksome.
Education without love is inconsistent.
Justice without love is harsh.
Friendliness without love is hypocritical.
Order without love makes petty.
Responsibility without love is reckless.
Wisdom without love is torn.
Knowledge without love is opinionated.
Truth without love makes impatient.
Power without love is violent.
Possession without love is stingy.
Honor without love is arrogant.
Faith without love is fanatical.
A life without love is meaningless.
The death of the Church father Augustine of Hippo, 430 fell in a time of change, as is the ancient world came to the end. The “leaders” of the EU are certainly no match to Alexander the Great. But the book was written soon after Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 410. This event left Romans in a deep state of shock. This event in Cyprus – even if taken back – is a suicidal attempt of lawless and godless leaders and constitution which does not refer to god nor to freedom and prosperity. In relation to Hegel and C. G. Jung is worth noting in that pure efficiency thinking that methodically requires total abstraction leads to a negative between ignorance which wants to know nothing, and a rationalism which wants to believe anything. Agustine is worth reading.
Book 1 Augustine censures the pagans, who attributed the calamities of the world.
Book 2 k Augustine reviews the greatest, of all calamities— the corruption of manners, and the vices of the soul.
Book 3 As in reviews e proves external and bodily disasters caused by such calamities.
Book 4 There is one true God, the author of felicity, by whose power and judgment earthly kingdoms are founded and maintained.
Book 5 Here he proves that there is no contradiction between God’s prescience and our free will.
Book 6 . Of this theology Augustine adopts a division into three kinds, mythical, natural, and civil.
Book 7 In this book it is shown that eternal life is not obtained by the worship of Janus, Jupiter, Saturn, and the other “select gods” like the markets we offer today.
Book 8 Augustine discussed the Platonic system which is the nearest approximation to Christian truth.
Book 9 Augustine proves that to no demon, but to Christ alone, belongs the office of providing men with eternal blessedness.
Book 10 In this book Augustine teaches principle and way of the soul’s cleansing and deliverance.
Book 11 Here he discusses the creation of the world, as it is described in Holy Scripture in the beginning of the book of Genesis.
Book 12 Augustine discusses there in some a good, and in others an evil will? And, what is the reason of the blessedness of the good, and the misery of the evi
Book 13 In this book it is taught that death is a penalty, and had its origin in Adam’s sin.
Book 14 Augustine again treats of the sin of the first man.
Book 15-19 , Augustine explains the two cities, the earthly and the heavenly growth and progress in the four books which follow.
Book 20 Concerning the last judgment, and the declarations regarding it in the old and new testaments.
Book 21 Of the end reserved for the city of the devil, namely, the eternal punishment of the damned; and of the arguments which unbelief brings against it.
Book 22 This book treats of the end of the city of God.
The «Red Book» created between 1914 and 1930 can be described as a visual diary of dreams. Jung described this book – its language and emotions seem at times almost embarrassing – as important testimonies of his psychological and spiritual development. The psychoanalyst referred to his unfinished work as a !necessary but annoying ‘aesthetic elaboration”‘. This is the crux of the matter. The price is annoying and the ‘ Red Book ‘ combines beauty with an aura of art and mystery. I highly recommend it to anyone who is involved with C.G. Jung, because it is a key work in the history of spirituality. It is also beautiful. This article contains my notes to the Red Book in form of a narrative and how I understood it for myself. A brief narrative is attached as appendix.
You will need not reconsider C.G. Jung after reading this book. However, the ‘ red book ‘ is more than a psychological art catalogue. Visions and fantasies are analyzed and gaudy documented. It is C. G. Jung’s handwritten and painted legacy. Jung says later: ‘ all my work, everything that I have mentally created comes from the initial imaginings and dream. ‘ Including the sentence ‘In us is the way, the truth and the life’ set heavily on modern Christianity of the Benedictine monk Anselm Grün but also of the Gnostics reminiscen. The book may come at the right time, a time in which Europe denies his roots.
This book consists of three major parts:
An introduction by Sonu Shamdasani.
The actual ‘ red book ‘Liber Novus’ a scanned calligraphic text with Imaginations and reflections and pictures painted by him, which look like a medieval illuminated manuscript.
The manuscripts of the Liber Novus (Liber Primus, Liber Secundus, and attachments) in normal print.
Introduction
The Red Book has been characterized according do the New York Times variously as a creative psychosis, a descent into the underworld, a plunge in insanity, a narcissistic self-deification, a transcendence experience, a midlife crisis and an inner disturbance foreseeing the upheaval of World War I and afterwards. Whatever the case, in 1913, Jung, who was then 38, got lost in troubling visions and heard inner voices. In that age successful and well married men are prone to midlife crises. In any case Carl Gustav Jung’s personal crisis between 1913 and 1918 was a complex, multi-layered breakdown. It was not caused by a single isolated event; rather, it was a perfect storm of professional isolation, marital tension, and profound psychological disorientation.
1. The Breakup with Sigmund Freud (Professional Crisis)
The Context: Freud had groomed Jung to be his “crown prince” and the heir to psychoanalysis.
The Rift: By 1912, Jung published Transformations and Symbols of the Libido, directly challenging Freud’s dogma that all unconscious impulses are sexual.
The Fallout: Their formal split in 1913 left Jung completely isolated. He resigned from the International Psychoanalytic Association and his lectureship at the University of Zurich. He was blackballed by mainstream psychology, labeled a mystic, and cut off from his professional community.
This harsh split with his mentor Freud, throw him into a period of profound uncertainty regarding his psychology and philosophy. In 1913 the relationship with Freud came to an end and 1914 Jung resigned as president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. In was in these intense years, however, that he created a complete different psychology than Freud’s cold machinery – one could rekindle spirituality. Jung sought to find a new conception of God that would be more psychologically whole. Wholeness is a key feature in Jung’s psychology, both in terms of each human integrating or assimilating lost and undeveloped potentials of the Self, but also in terms of seeking to understand God as combining both light and dark.
2. The Premonitions of World War I (The Visions)
The Cataclysm: In October 1913, Jung experienced an overwhelming waking vision while traveling: he saw a monstrous flood covering Europe, turning completely to blood and filled with thousands of floating corpses. This terrifying vision recurred multiple times over the following months.
The Fear of Psychosis: Because he had no logical explanation for these apocalyptic images, Jung genuinely feared he was undergoing a psychotic break or “doing a schizophrenia”.
The Realization: When World War I broke out in August 1914, Jung experienced immense relief. He realized his mind had not broken down; rather, he had tapped into a collective, precognitive layer of the human psyche. This realization laid the groundwork for his theory of the Collective Unconscious.
3. Personal and Domestic Tensions (The Private Crisis)
Domestic Strain: During this exact window, Jung’s personal life was highly volatile. His marriage to Emma Jung was severely strained.
The Affair: He began a profound, lifelong, and highly complex extramarital relationship with Toni Wolff, a former patient who became his intellectual collaborator and guide through his darkest unconscious explorations.
Instead of medicating himself or repressing these terrifying voices and images, Jung made a radical choice: he chose to dive directly into them. He used a technique he called Active Imagination, forcing himself to consciously interact with the figures haunting his mind. The Red Book is the exact, raw laboratory notebook of that experiment. Henri Ellenberger later categorized this period as a “creative illness”—a temporary, functional psychological collapse from which an individual emerges with an entirely new, transformative worldview.
Some private remarks
The Red Book
Jung’s Red Book has to do with Zürich – something previously hidden reveals itself, therefore a few words about my Zürich as a stranger, if I may. The city is an excellent city for Jungian’s, pretty much for any minority; here they have found a certain quiet niche. Zürich, for Jungian’s, is spiritually loaded. It’s a kind of Jerusalem, the place where C. G. Jung began. It is one of the last cities, where you can strike a meaningful conversation in bookstores, especially about C.G. Jung and Freud. It is the city of Max Frisch, my favorite writer, Thomas Mann, Einstein and Lenin lived there.
In 2010 I saw the Red Book in the exhibition in Zürich and wanted to own a copy of it. The original was a nearly 100-year-old book, bound in red leather. The book is big and heavy and its spine is etched with gold letters that say “Liber Novus,” which is Latin for “New Book. The Book is odd in regards to color already. Red is an no-no color in Zürich Finance, which I learned the hard way presenting in a large Swiss bank once. No Red Book of Mao, no red Letters in Powerpoint, no red Figures in Excel – please.
Shot from Urania observatory in the Lindenhof quarter of Zurich, Switzerland. The muse of astronomy in Greek mythology
Zürich is, despite the beautiful landscape around it, is neither pretty nor impressive, but one of Europe’s more purposeful cities. Lots of money and many hookers, neatly and orderly lined up like the SBB trains which glide in and out on a flawless schedule. Fondue restaurants full of tourists and chocolatiers full of Swiss.
Tough natives ride their bicycles up the hill, pedaling suicidal over the Hart fly over. In summer, white-steam ships puff around Lake Zürich; in winter, the mountains glitter on the horizon in direction of the “Pnüsli coast”. This is where I lived six+ years, working in Zürich and all over Switzerland. Zürich has really good theaters, operas and small art movie cinemas but its Zwingli flavor gets boring after 6 months. Not an easy city, but after 2 years a Swiss father/men group – of straight middle class men – took me under its wing. I am still grateful to them, since I learned how the city ticks, and made my peace with it. During lunch hour year-round, young business men stride the Bahnhofstrasse in their power suits and rich, well-kept women go shopping. It’s not a fantastic tourist destination either nor a good place to hide money anymore. However, a book was hidden for almost fifty years in a bank vault in Switzerland. Is long-awaited publication in October, 2009 was a signal event for Jungian’s. Jung’s entire corpus, is as enigmatic as profound and Jungian’s, a species of thinkers who subscribe to the theories of Carl Jung, by definition get enthused anytime something previously hidden reveals itself. That is what C. G. Jung is all about, right?
The Drama
Nachdenken und Rede sind nun wohl zwar dasselbe, nur dass das Gespräch, welches in der Seele mit sich selbst ohne Laut vor sich geht, bei uns den Namen Nachdenken erhielt? PLATON
Jung, who was at that point, when he “wrote” the Red Book, an outwardly successful and ambitious man with a young family, a thriving private practice and a big, elegant house on the shores of Lake Zürich, felt his own psyche deteriorated in a life-altering crisis. For about six years, Jung worked to prevent his conscious mind from blocking out what his unconscious mind wanted to show him with actually induced hallucinations — what he called “active imaginations.” “In order to grasp the fantasies which were stirring in me ‘underground,’ ” Jung wrote at the end of his life in his book “
C.G. Jung Active Imagination
“I knew that I had to let myself plummet down into them.” Writing in German, he filled 205 oversize pages with elaborate calligraphy and with richly hued, staggeringly detailed paintings. It was not a dispassionate, academic essays on psychiatry, nor a straightforward diary. Instead, the book was a kind of Gnostic theater play, driven by the idea that a person might move beneficially between the poles of the rational and irrational, the light and the dark, the conscious and the unconscious — that provided the core for his later work and for what analytical psychology would become. The book tells the story of facing his own demons as they emerged from the Shadow. He worked on his red book — and he called it just that, the Red Book — on and off for about 16 years, long after his personal crisis had passed, but he never managed to finish it. The structure sounds like a severe midlife crisis of a psychiatrist: Man encounters midlife and loses his soul. Man goes looking for soul. After much hardship and adventure — genius and madness, possession and obsession taking place entirely in his head — he finds his soul again. It was in such states that a drama played itself out; Jung would have lengthy dialogues with the imaginal beings that spontaneously presented themselves. For Jung this was not play acting, since he took these presences as real and allowed himself to experience real emotions ranging from bliss and surprise to nausea, disgust, guilt and shame. The experiences were so intense that Jung said that at times he had to grip the table with both hands to steady himself as he endured the experiences brought on by the unconscious. For this reason he called this period of self-exploration a “confrontation with the unconscious.”
The Cast
Active Imagination, a dialogue with mystical or invented figures like Salome (Anima) and Elijah (Father, wise old man) in effect archetypes, became a hallmark of Jungian method. Entering into the world of a dream allowed him to be fully affected by the unconscious . Interpretation is most often the goal and conclusion of working with a dream. This is not the case with Jung’s method. Finding an interpretation of a dream is only the first step in unleashing the power of an image. The Red Book is essentially a narrative of Active Imaginations (wake dreams) together with Jung’s discoveries during this endeavor. In the Red Book we witness the first time what Jung called a “confrontation” with unknown aspects of himself, giving voice to the inner figures that spontaneously arose during his descents into his unconscious. Jung’s method of dialogue with images and presences within himself was undoubtedly influenced by his observation of mediums that would go into trance states and perform séances, a widespread and common practice throughout Europe in the early part of the 1900’s.
The major Player- Jung, Salome, Elijah
In the book, Jung travels the land of the dead, falls in love with Salome, gets squeezed by a giant serpent and, in one terrifying moment, becomes Jesus. At one point, even the devil criticizes Jung as hateful. After he has traversed a desert, scrambled up mountains, carried God on his back, committed murder to Siegfried the Hero, visited hell; and he has had long and inconclusive talks with Philemon an FatherArchetype. Salome, a female Archetype Anima, tells him not to fear madness but to accept it, even to tap into it as a source of creativity: Madness is not to be despised and not to be feared, but instead you should give it life. If you want to find paths, you should also not spurn madness,since it malees up such a great part of your nature. Man strives toward ·reason only so that he can make rules for himself. Life itself has no rules“
The Red Book is not an easy journey — it is larger than life,medieval and like so much else about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched with a alchemy and mystic. The text is dense, often poetic, always strange. The art is arresting and equally strange. While the Red Book contains many beautiful paintings, he was not doing art. His artistic expressions were a means of evoking meaning rather than being primarily an aesthetic experience to gain a deeper connection to the inner figures of his imagination. It was a way of making the representation of his inner experiences more real. In other words, he did art not for art’s sake, but rather part of the method.
The publishing
“There can be few unpublished works that have already exerted such far-reaching effects upon twentieth-century social and intellectual history as Jung’s Red Book,” so writes the translator of Carl Jung’s recently published personal journal. By Jung’s own admission, the period of self-examination at mid-life that was recorded in the Red Book was source for all that Jung would write about for the next several decades. Even Jung’s popular autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, is drawn from the Red Book, yet the document itself had been closely guarded and withheld from the public for fifty more years. The question whether Jung wanted to share his encounter with the unconscious with the future generations,however, remains unsolved, because he expressed himself only ambivalent on this. On the one hand he instructed his children that the Red Book should remain in the family, on the other hand he showed different versions of the work two dozen people. It is quite understandable, that Jung’s heirs declined those recordings to the professional world and interested readership for so long. A reason may be, that the author even was not sure. This indecision is quite evident in the fact, that Jung in the epilogue, which he added 1959, breaks off in the middle of the sentence in after having left the book more or less untouched for 30 or so years. He wrote:
Epilogue 1959
I worked on this book for 16 years. My acquaintance with alchemy in 1930 tool( me away from it. The beginning of the end came in 1928, when Wilhelm sent me the text of the “Golden Flower,” an alchemical treatise. There the contents of this book,found their way into actuality and I could no longer continue working on it. To the superficial observer, it will appear like madness. I t would also have developed into one, had I not been able to absorb the overpowering force of the original experiences. With the help of alchemy, I could finally arrange them into a whole. I always knew that these experiences contained something precious, and therefore I knew of nothing better than to write them down in a “precious,” that is to say, costly book and to paint the images that emerged through reliving it all-as well as I could. I knew how frightfully inadequate this undertaking was, but despite much work and many distractions I remained true to it,even if another possibility never …
Credit Photo: hammer.ucla.edu
Yet the very fact he wrote an epilogue close to the end of his life, seems to indicate that he wanted to find the right audience, but only after he took great care that this will happen after his career (and death).
Decisively for the publication of the work clouded in secrecy work was the discovery of copies by Sonu Shamdasani. The Historian meet in 1997 for the first time to the family Jung and persuaded during three years its members, to release the Red Book for the publication. Jung’s grandchildren soon recognised, that there could be hardly a more experienced Jung historian than Shamdasani.
Underlying concepts
Jung understood the psyche as an inherently more spiritual and fluid place, an ocean that could be fished for enlightenment and healing. Whether or not he would have wanted it this way, Jung — who regarded himself like Freud as a scientist — is today remembered more as an icon, a proponent of spirituality inside and outside religion. He is indeed the ultimate champion of dreamers and seekers. Unknown to many his more down to the earth methods were forerunner of the Myers-Briggs personality test and cross cultural trainings utilized by smart consultants. The existence of a collective unconscious and the power of archetypes — have influenced also the shallow domain of New Age thinking.
For an introduction to the concepts of “C.G. Jung in hurry” see a few slides:
The Author
C.G. Jung Source Astro Wiki
Even after Freud’s theories have been largely discounted for all practical purpose, C.G. Jung still remains at the fringes of orthodox, “serious” psychology. Well, they borrow his concepts liberally without giving credit but labeled him often as non-scientific and inherently politically dubious. No wonder, Jung was interested in the psychological aspects of séances, of astrology, and of witchcraft. I own for example, a book of the late 1950s that examined the psychological phenomenon of flying saucers. He broke with the established ranks of his profession. Even worse, Jung was a well-off conservative, but also a bookish James Bond, with a famously magnetic appeal with women and prone to dangerous affairs. He even worked once for the OSS (a predecessor of the CIA) and the US president. In short, he was quite a man. Jung pored over Dante, Goethe, Kant and Nietzsche as well as mythology, world religions and cultures. Somewhere along the way, he started to view the human soul — not as an organ to be repaired or drugged — but requiring spiritual development, an idea that pushed him into a province long occupied by artists and priests but not so much by medical doctors and empirical scientists. To him the purpose of analysis was not about handing over problems to a godlike specialist or to give life back to someone who’s lost it. Jung found himself in opposition not just then but also today. Psychiatrists constitute a dominant sect with a language of symptom and diagnoses. Today the just changed asylum wards with Psychopharmaca, or even worse, sometimes project the patients ills to the society and align with political fashions.
Conclusion
Quite an Anima: “I am Elijahls and this is my daughter Salome.” Jung: “The daughter of Herod, the bloodthirsty woman?”
Even the Jungian world is cautious about regarding Carl Jung as a sage — a history of political incorrect remarks and his rather patriarchal views of women spells trouble today. I have privately gotten insights from Jungian psychology for more than 12 years and am particularly drawn to the breadth of Jung’s psychology, his knowledge of philosophy, art and world religions. His works include references to Wagner, Faust, (Franz Stuck’s) Salome, Ovid, the Norse gods Odin and Thor, the Egyptian deities Isis and Osiris,the Greek goddess Hecate, ancient Gnostic texts, Greek Hyperboreans, King Herod, the Old Testament, the New Testament, Nietzsche’s Zarathustra, alchemy and astrology, Buddha and Lao-tse. And that’s just naming a few. Jung opened to me encounters with my soul and explained to a “Homo Faber” magic, coincidence and the mythological symbols. I would not like to give most “shrinks” my hand, but found Jung’s work extremely helpful for men (and women) in the second half of their lives. The broader goals of self-discovery and wholeness — a maturation process Jung himself referred to as “individuation” – are timeless: The blond hero lay slain. The black beetle is the death that is necessary for renewal; and so thereafter, a new sun glowed.
Note: Of course the Red Book must not read not in a hurry. As I said, those are just my notes sprinkeld with some quotes and personal memories. I am currently expanding them, since I re-read the book. I hope it makes appetite.
The Narrative
Jung made once a rather informative remark about the difficult language of his Red Book: „archetypes speak the language of high rhetoric, even of bombast. (…) I had no choice but to write everything down in the styles selected by the unconscious itself.“ (Jung in 1963). It is also noteworthy that he admits to have lost the control of this self-experiment („(„Today I might equally well say that it was an experiment which was being conducted with me.“). The two most important archetypes, who accompanied him in his dream wanderings are The wise old and more fatherly Man (Elijah, then Philemon resulted from this figure) and the girl Salome (his Anima). Other women come up, usually representing his soul, as well as one big black Serpent appear also in impressive drawings in the Red Book again. The employment of these and to other figures of his dreams and awake imagination led him to the deciding insight, namely that there are things in the psyche which avoid our control, show themselves and develop an own way of life. More than 16 years, it was for Jung, primarily about closing the gap between that cosy and orderly outside world and his inside world of the pictures and to understand the interaction of both worlds. Only when the contradiction between “Inside” and “Outside” was solved for him, he could conclude this self-experiment.
The Red Book is a testament to what might be called Religion or a spirituality that is developed from the ever evolving Self that is indeed as aspect of nature. It was Jung’s experience to see what the “Deep Knowledge” would present him if he simply put aside his dominant mode of apprehension, the linear, analytical mind, and allowed what else was in him to manifest itself. The conversations we see in the Red Book are a detailed description of what Nature did with Jung. It can be the same with us as well, since our dreaming is unconscious speaking with us. All that is required is that we learn how to enter into the imaginal dialogue that would allow this other intelligence to be understood.
Jung was very adamant that each of us can and must enter into our own experiment with the unconscious. Ultimately, if we are to become the full potential of our being then we cannot have heroes above us who do things that we cannot do. In Jung’s words, we must be the Christ; that is, we must live our lives as distinctly and as uniquely and as fully as Christ lived his life, taking on himself the full weight of a human life and being true to all that he was.
“The images of the unconscious place a great responsibility upon a man. Failure to understand them, or a shirking of ethical responsibility, deprives him of his wholeness and imposes a painful fragmentariness on his life.” Liber Novus is an unfinished manuscript corpus, and it taken from series of manuscripts, of which no single version can be taken as final.
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The Red Book: Liber Primus
Prologue
Main proponents: Spirit of the Time, Spirit of the Depth Gospel of John, Bible
The Way of What is to Come
Jung’s Prologue starts with a prophesy announcing Jesus: For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be
called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. (Isaiah 9:6) and continues with an vers of the famous prologue in the Gospel of John: And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us (and we beheld his glory; the glory as of the only begotten of the Father), full of grace and truth. (John 1:14). Then Jung himself discards the spirit of this time (Zeitgeist) who just wants only to hear about benefit and value. But I did not consider that the spirit of the depths from time immemorial and for all the future possesses a greater power. Melting sense and anti-sense leads to a supreme (sense) meaning – to “The Way of What is to Come“, – the bridge to what is coming – but not to God himself but to his image offering inspiration and knowledge from the Depths but also visions of the coming first Wold War.
But the spirit of the depths said: “No one can or should halt sacrifice. Sacrifice is not destruction, sacrifice is the foundation stone of what is to come … You should carry the monastery in yourself . The desert is within you. The desert calls you and draws you back … Truly; I prepare you for solitude.”
After this, my humanity remained silent. Something happened to my spirit, however, which I must call mercy.
The Prologue closes:
There is only one way and that is your way. You seek the path, I warn you away from my own. It could also be the
wrong way for you.
One eye of the Godhead is blind, one ear of the Godhead is deaf,
the order of its being is crossed by chaos.
The Red Book: Liber Primus, Chapters I-VII
Pages filled with cramped calligraphy that seemed at once controlled but also written feverishly.
(1) Refinding the soul
Main proponents: Jung himself reflecting of the Soul and the Spirit of the Depth.
Main thought: The soul contains the images which the half (of Platon’s) world.
If we possess the image of a thing, we possess half the thing.
The image of the world is half the world. He who possessesthe world but not its image’ possesses only half the world, sincehis soul is poor and has nothing. The wealth of the soul exists inimages.He who possesses the image of the world, possesses halfthe world, even if his humanity is poor and owns nothing.
(2) Soul and God
Main proponents: Jung himself reflecting of the Soul and God.
Main thought: One has to recognize and accept that Anima and Animus is which is irrational. Anima and Animus is the first internal God you meet. Dreams as knowledge of the heart.
If you are boys, your God is a woman.
If you are women, your God is a boy.
If you are men, your God is a maiden.
The God is where you are not.
So: it is wise that one has a God; this serves for your perfection.
A maiden is the pregnant future.
A boy is the engendering future.
A woman is: having given birth.
A man is: having engendered.
So: if you are childlike beings now, your God will descend from the heightof ripeness to age and death.
(3) On the Service of the Soul
Main proponents: Jung fighting seven Nights against the spirit of the Depth, writing down dreams
Main thought: Open the gates of the soul to let the dark flood of chaos flow into your order and meaning.
Christ taught: God is love. But you should know that love is also terrible.
Christ totally overcomes the temptation of the devil, but not the temptation
of God to good and reason.
The slave to virtue finds the way as little as the slave to vices.
If you believe that you are the master of your soul, then become servant.
If you were her servant, yourself master, since she needs to be
ruled. These should be your first steps.
(4) The Dessert
Main proponents: Jung going in the desert to find his Self
Main thought: Why is my self a desert? Have I lived too much outside of myself in men and events? Why did I avoid my self?
When you say that the place of the soul is not, then it is not.
But if you say that it is, then it is. Notice what the ancients said
in images: the word is the creative act. The ancients said: in the
beginning was the Word. Consider this and think upon it.
The words that oscillate between nonsense and supreme
meaning are the oldest and truest.
Experiences in the Desert
Main proponents: Jung and his Soul – after 25 nights his soul speaks to him, lectures him
Main thought: After 25 nights his soul speaks to him, lectures him: “I am not your mother.”
Should everything fall into your lap ripe and finished? You are
full, yes, you teem with intentions and desirousness!-Do you
still not know that the way to truth stands open only to those
without intentions?”
The Zeitgeist considers itself extremely clever, like every such
spirit of the time. But wisdom is simple-minded, not just simple.
Many will laugh at my
foolishness. But no one will laugh more than I laughed at myself.
So I overcame scorn. But when I had overcome it, I was near to my soul,
and she could speak to me, and I was soon to see the desert becoming green.
(5) Descent into Hell in the Future
Main proponents: Many confused voices, thousand serpents, Jung falling, spirit of the depth, blond slain hero
Main thought: I am seized by fear.
The spirit of the depths opened my eyes and I caught a glimpse of the inner things, the world of my soul, the many-formed and changing.
I see a gray rock face along which I sink into great depths.I hear the flow of underground waters. I see the bloody head of a man on the dark stream. Someone wounded, someone
slain floats there. I see a large black scarab floating past on the dark stream. In the deepest reach of the stream shines a red sun, radiating through the dark water. Serpents on the dark rock walls, striving toward the depths, where the sun shines. A thousand serpents crowd around, veiling the sun. Deep night falls. A red stream of blood, thick red blood
springs up, surging for a long time, then ebbing. I am seized by fear.
To the extent that the Christianity of this time lacks madness, it lacks divine life.
But also speak of sick delusionwhen the spirit of this time does not leave a man and forces himto see only the surface, to deny the spirit of the depths and to
take himself for the spirit of the times. The spirit of this time isungodly; the spirit of the depths is ungodly; balance is godly.
The spirit of the depths is pregnant with ice,fire, and death. You are right to fear the spirit of the depths, as
he is full of horror.
Blood shone at me from the red light of the crystal, and when
I picked it up to discover its mystery; there lay the horror uncovered
before me: in the depths of what is to come lay murder.
The blond hero lay slain. Therefore I take part in that murder; the sun of the depths
also shines in me after the murder has been accomplished; the
thousand serpents that want to devour the sun are also in me. I
myself am a murderer and murdered, sacrificer and sacrificed.
The upwelling blood streams out of me.
The heroic in you is the fact that you are ruled by the
thought that this or that is good, that this or that performance
is indispensable, this or that cause is objectionable, this or that
goal must be attained in headlong striving work, this or that
pleasure should be ruthlessly repressed at all costs. Consequently
you sin against incapacity. But incapacity exists. No one should
deny it, find fault with it, or shout it down.
(6) Splitting of the Spirit
Main proponents: Jung’s Ego, His Soul in God mask and Devils mask
Main thought: Going to hell is equal to becoming hell.
My soul: “Who gives you thoughts and words? Do you malice
them? Are you not my serf a recipient who lies at my door and
picks up my alms? And you dare think that what you devise and
speak could be nonsense? Don’t you know yet that it comes from
me and belongs to me?”
As the first vision had predicted to me, the assassin appeared
from the depths, and came to me just as in the fate of the people
of this time a nameless one appeared and leveled the murder
weapon at the prince. ( Black Book 2 continues: ”Are you neurotic? Are we neurotic?”
Everything that becomes too old becomes evil, the same is true of your
highest. Learn from the suffering of the crucified God that one can also betray
and crucify a God, namely the God of the old year. If a God ceases being the
way of life, he must fall secretly. The God becomes sick if he overstep the height of the zenith. That is why the
spirit of the depths took me when the spirit of this time had led me to the summit.
(7) Murder of the Hero
Main proponents: Jung, Siegfried (the hero), the spirit of the depth); Siegfried was a heroic prince who appears in old German and Norse epics. In the twelfth-century Nibelunglied, he is described as follows: ”And in what magnificent style Siegfried rode! He bore a great spear, stout of shaft and broad of head; his handsome sword reached down to his spurs; and the fine horn which this lord carried was of the reddest gold” His wife, Brunhild, is tricked into revealing the only place where he could be wounded and killed. Richard Wagner reworked these epics in The Ring of the Nibelung.
Main action: Jung ambushes and shoots Siegfried, Jung is reborn, vision of illuminated white men
Main thought: “The highest truth is one and the· same with the absurd.”
What does Siegfried mean for the Germans! What does it
tell us that the Germans suffer Siegfried’s death! That is why
I almost preferred to kill myself in order to spare him. But I
wanted to go on living with a new God.
After death on the cross Christ went into the underworld
and became Hell. So he took on the form of the Antichrist, the
dragon. The image of the Antichrist, which has come down to
us from the ancients, announces the new God, whose coming
the ancients had foreseen.
Gods are unavoidable. The more you flee from the God, the
more surely you fall into his hand.
The Red Book: Liber Primus, Chapters VIII-XI
Of Gods and Prophets.
(8) The Conception of the God
Main proponents: Child, Jesus
Main action: Christ’s descent into Hell ( contained in several gnostic apocryphal gospels. In the ”Apostles Creed,” it is stated that “He descended into Hell. The third day He
arose again from the dead.” Jung commented on this motif in Psychology and Alchemy, 1944, CW 12, §61n, 440, 451; Mysterium Coniunctionis, 1955/56, CW 14,475). It is the psychological equivalent of an integration with the collective unconscious and an essential part of the individuation process. (Aion, CW 9,2, §72). But the serpent is also life. In the image furnished by the ancients, the serpent put an end to the childlike magnificence of paradise; they even said that Christ himself had been a serpent” commented on this motif in 1950 in Aion, CW 9, 2.
Main thought: God combining beauty and goodness, beautiful and hateful, good and evil, laughable and serious, human and inhuman. Definition of hell. Why the hero needs to be slain.
You new spark of an eternal fire, into which night were you born?’
When my prince had fallen, the spirit of the depths openedmy vision and let me become aware of the birth of the new God.
The divine child approached me out of the terrible ambiguity,the hateful-beautiful, the evil-good, the laughable-serious, the
sick-healthy, the inhuman-human and the ungodly-godly.
Therefore after his death Christ had to journey to Hell,otherwise the ascent to Heaven would have become impossible
for him. Christ first had to become his Antichrist, hisunderworldly brother.No one knows what happened during the three days Christ
was in Hell. I have experienced it.
The dead matter will change into black serpents.
What do you think of the essence of Hell? Hell is when the depths come to you with all that you no longer are or are not yet
capable of Hell is when you can no longer attain what you could attain. Hell is when you must think and feel and do everything
that you know you do not want. Hell is when you know that your having to is also a wanting to, and that you yourself are responsible
for it. Hell is when you know that everything serious that you have planned with yourself is also laughable, that everything fine is also brutal, that everything good is also bad, that everything high is also low, and that everything pleasant is also shameful.
But the deepest Hell is when you realize that Hell is also no Hell, but a cheerful Heaven, not a Heaven in itself, but in this
respect a Heaven, and in that respect a Hell.
That is the ambiguity of the God: he is born from a dark ambiguity and rises to a bright ambiguity. Unequivocalness is
simplicity and leads to death.141 But ambiguity is the way of life.
I must say that the God could not come into being before the hero had been slain. The hero as we understand him has become an
enemy of the God, since the hero is perfection. The Gods envy the perfection of man, because perfection has no need of the Gods. But
since no one is perfect, we need the Gods.
That will be a time of salvation and the dove, and the eternalfire, and redemption will descend.
Then there will no longer be a hero, and no one who canimitate him.
The hero must fall for the sake of our redemption, since he isthe model and demands imitation.
(9) Mysterium encounter
Main proponents: Jung, Elijahls (old man, prophet), Herod’s bloodthirsty daughter Salome, black serpent
Main action: Meets Salome (his Anima) and Elijah who was one of the prophets of the Old Testament. Jung replied used once Elijah as an archetype, describing him as a “living
archetype” who represented the collective unconscious and the self. Salome was the daughter of Herodias and the step-daughter of King Herod danced once before Herod . She requested the head of John the Baptist, who was then beheaded. In the late nineteenth this archetype of the Feminine Evil, or femme fatale fascinated painters and writers, including
Oscar Wilde, and Franz von Stuck.
Main thought: Why ones Anima must be feared and loved.
I: “Forgive my astonishment, am I truly in the underworld?”
S: “Do you love me?”
I: “How can I love you? How do you come to this question? Isee only one thing, you are Salome, a tiger, your hands are stainedwith the blood of the holy one. How should I love you?”
S: “You will love me.”
I: “I? Love you? Who gives you the right to such thoughts?”
S: “I love you.”
I: “Leave me be, I dread you, you beast.”
I: “I am horrified. Who wouldn’t be horrified if Salomeloved him?”
E: ”Are you cowardly? Consider this, I and my daughter have been one since eternity.”
I see how the black serpent writhes up the tree, and hides inthe branches. Apart from Elijah and Salome I found the serpent as a third
principle. It is a stranger to both principles although it isassociated with both. The serpent is the
earthly essence of man of which he is not conscious.
Elijah said: “You should recognize her through her love!” Notonly do you venerate the object, but the object also sanctifies
you. Salome loved the prophet, and this sanctified her. Theprophet loved God, and this sanctified him. But Salome did not
love God, and this profaned her. But the prophet did not loveSalome, and this profaned him. And thus they were each other’s
poison and death. May the thinking person accept his pleasure,and the feeling person accept his own thought. Such leads one
along the way.
(10) Instruction
Main proponents: Jung, Elijahls (old man, prophet), Herod’s bloodthirsty daughter Salome, black serpent
Main action: Loves Salome (his Anima) becomes prophet.
Main thought: Sensuality is the lowest and commonest form of pleasure. This is represented by Kali. Salome is the image of his pleasure, that suffers pain, Salome is Jungs soul. Pope in Rome has become an image and-symbol for us of how God becomes human.
You see, prophet, I am tired, my head is as heavy as lead. I am
Elijah and Salome stand smiling before me.
Elijah is silent. Heaviness lies on me. Then Salome steps in, comes
over to me and lays her arm around my shoulder. She takes me for
her father in whose chair I sat.
On account of my thoughts, I had left myself; therefore my
self became hungry and made God into a selfish thought.
Salome embraced me and I thus became a prophet, since I had
found pleasure in the primordial beginning, in the forest, and in
the wild animals.
(11) Resolution
Main proponents: Jung, Elijahls (old man, prophet), Herod’s bloodthirsty daughter Salome, black and white serpent, Wagner dwarf mime.
Main action: Dialogue between Christ and Salome. Christ states that he has come to undo the work of the female, namely; lust, birth, and decay: To Salome’s question of how long shall death prevail, Christ answered, as long as women bear children. In Wagner’s Ring of the Nibelung, the Nibelung dwarf Mime is the brother of Alberich and a master craftsman. Alberich stole the Rhinegold from the Rhinemaidens; through renouncing love, he was able to forge a ring out of it that conferred limitless power. In Siegfried, Mime, who lives in a cave, brings up Siegfried so that he will kill Fafner the giant, who has transformed into a dragon and now has the ring. Siegfried slays Fafner with the invincible sword that Mime has fashioned, and kills Mime, who had intended to kill him after he had recovered the gold. Fight of the two snakes: the white means a movement into the day, the black into the kingdom of
darkness, with moral aspects too. Compare Dante’s Inferno. The Gnostics express this same idea in the symbol of the reversed cones. In Aion, Jung also noted that serpents were a typical pair of opposites, and that the conflict between serpents was a motif found in medieval alchemy (1951, CW 9,2, §181).
War was not only adventure, criminal acts and killing, but the mystery of self-sacrifice. Love brings the self-sacrificer and self-sacrifice. Love is also the mother of my self-sacrifice. In that I hear and accept this, I experience that I become Christ, since I recognize that love makes me into Christ. My willing, which earlier served the spirit-of-this-time [“Zeitgeist”] went under to the spirit of the depths, and just as it was previously determined by the spirit of the time, it is now determined by the spirit of the depths, by forethinking, by that image of the sighted Salome. What is presented here develops the notions of the conflict between opposing functions, the identification with the leading function, and the development of
the reconciling symbol as a resolution of the conflict of opposites, which are the central issues of psychological Types (CW 6), the process of the fusion of the two currents to the transcendent function.
Main thought: Jung once recounted that after Salome’s declaration that he was Christ was deification. The animal face which I felt mine transformed into was the famous [Deus] Leontocephalus of the Mithraic mysteries, the figure which is represented with a snake coiled around the man, the snake’s head resting on the man’s head, and the face of the man that of a lion … In this deification mystery you make yourself into the vessel, and are a vessel of creation in which the opposites reconcile. All say that they are fighting for the good and for peace, but one cannot fight one another over the good. No one can judge history in terms of right and wrong. Because one-half of mankind is wrong, every man is half wrong. The psychological processes, which accompany the present war , above all the incredible brutalization of public opinion, the mutual slanderings, the unprecedented fury of destruction, the monstrous flood of lies, and man’s incapacity to call a halt to the bloody demon-are suited like nothing else to powerfully push in front of the eyes of thinking men the problem of the restlessly slumbering chaotic unconscious under the ordered world of consciousness. This war has pitilessly revealed to civilized man that he is still a barbarian … But the psychology of the individual corresponds to the psychology of the nation. What the nation does is done also by each individual, and so long as the individual does it, the nation also does it. Only the change in the attitude of the individual will do.
The rock separates day and night. On the dark side lies a bigblack serpent, on the bright side a white serpent.
Elijah climbs down from the stone, his form becomes smallerin descending, and finally becomes dwarf like. The serpents
become infinitely small. I feel as if I too am shrinking.
E: “You wanted to come here far too much. I did not deceiveyou, you deceived yourself He sees badly who wants to see; you
have overreached yourself”
Salome draws near. The serpenthas wound itself around my whole body, and my countenance
is that of a lion.
Salome says, “Mary was the mother of Christ, do you understand?”
Then she cries, “I see light!” Truly; she sees, her eyes are open. The serpentfalls from my body and lies languidly on the ground. Elijah transforms into a huge flame of white light.
The hero strives after the utmost in the pure principle, and therefore he finally falls for theserpent.
Love and forethinking are in one and the same place. Lovecannot be without forethinking, and forethinking cannot be
without love. Man is always too much in one or the other. Thiscomes with human nature.
You are Christians andrun after heroes, and wait for redeemers who should take the
agony on themselves for you, and totally spare you Golgotha.
The spirit of the depths clutched the fate of man unto itself as itclutched mine. He leads mankind through the river of blood
to the mystery: In the mystery man himself becomes the twoprinciples, the lion and the serpent.
Because I also want my being other, I must become a Christ. I am made into Christ, I must suffer it. Thus the redeeming blood
flows. Through the self-sacrifice my pleasure is changed and goesabove into its higher principle. Love is sighted, but pleasure is
blind. Both principles are one in the symbol of the flame. Theprinciples strip themselves of human form.
The mystery showed me in images what I should afterwardlive.I did not possess any of those boons that the mystery showed
me, for I still had to earn all of them.
finis. part. prim. (End of part one)
The Red Book: Liber Secundus, Chapters I-VII
Strange soulmaking encounters.
(1) The Images of the Erring
Hearken not unto the words of the prophets that prophesy unto you: they make you vain: they speak a vision of their own heart, and not out of the mouth of the Lord.” (Jeremiah 23: 16)
(2) The Red One
Main proponents: Jung, the Devil (The Red One)
Main proponents: Jung, the Devil (The Red One)
Main action: Funny dialogue
Main thought: It does not help that we say in the spirit of this time: There is no personal devil. There is one I earnestly confronted my devil and behaved with him as with a real person. Take seriously every unknown wanderer who personally inhabits the inner world, since they are real because.
T. R.: ”Are you a doctor of theology, who examines Christianity from the outside and appreciates it historically, and therefore a sophist after all?”
I: “You’re stubborn. What I mean is that it’s hardly a coincidence that the whole world has become Christian. I also believe that it was the task of Western man to carry Christ in his heart and to grow with his suffering, death, and resurrection.”
(2) The Castle in the Forest
Main proponents: Jung, old castle owner and his daughter
Main action: Overnight in a castle in the wood
Main thought: You are a slave of what you need in your soul. The most masculine man needs women, and he is consequently their slave. Become a woman yourself; and you will be saved from slavery to woman.The acceptance of femininity leads to completion. The same is valid for the woman who accepts her masculinity. The feminine in men is bound up with evil. I find it on the way of desire. The masculine in the woman is bound up with evil.
I: “But for Heaven’s sake, tell me one thing: in all earnestness must I assume that you are real?”
She weeps and does not answer.
I: “Who are you, then?”
She: “I am the old man’s daughter. He holds me here in unbearable captivity; not out of envy or hate, but out of love, since
I am his only child and the image of my mother, who died young.”
(3) One of the Lowly
Main proponents: Jung, a tramp (former convict)
Main action: Wandering in a homely, snow-covered country, overnight in a country tavern.
Main thought: At your low point you are no longer distinct from your fellow beings. You are not ashamed and do not regret it, since insofar as you live the life of your beings and descend to their lowliness / you also climb into the holy stream of common life, where you are no longer an individual on a high mountain, but a fish among fish, a frog among frogs. Your heights are your own mountain, which belongs to you and you alone. Becoming belongs to the heights and is full of torment. How can you become if you never are?
He: “You can go to the cinema in the evenings. That’s great and it’s cheap. You get to see everything that happens in the world.” I have to think of Hell, where there are also cinemas for those who despised this institution on earth and did not go there because everyone else found it to their taste. I: “What interested you most about the cinema?” He: “One sees all sorts of stunning feats. Oh, today’s miracles are simply somewhat less mythical than technical.
(4) The Anchorite
Main proponents: Jung, anchorite of the Libyan Desert
Main action: hot dry yellow sand desert, discussion about the prologue of the gospel of John
Main thought: The God of words is cold and dead and shines from afar like the moon. Honor the darkness as the light, and you will illumine your darkness.
I: “But Philo Judeaus, if this is who you mean, was a serious philosopher and a great thinker. Even John the Evangelist included some of Philo’s thoughts in the gospel.” A: “You are right. It is to Philo’s credit that he furnished language like so many other philosophers. He belongs to the language artists. But words should not become Gods.”
A: “Guard against being a slave to words.
I: “‘And life was the light of men and the light shines in the darkness and the darkness has not understood it. But it became a person sent from God, by the name of John, who came as a witness and to be a witness of the light. The genuine light, which Philo Judeaus, also called Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE-50 CE), was a Greek-speaking Jewish philosopher. His works presented a fusion of Greek philosophy and Judaism. For Philo, God, to whom he referred by the Platonic term “To On” (the One), was transcendent and unknowable. A: “I ask you, was this [Logos] a concept, a word? It was a light, indeed a man, and lived among men. You see, Philo only lent John the word so that John would have at his disposal the word ‘logos’ alongside the word ‘light’ to describe the son of man.
(5) Dies II.
Main proponents: Jung, anchorite of the Libyan Desert
Main action: Morning in the Desert
Main thought: Things also change, but you do not notice this if you do not change. But if you change, the countenance of the world alters. The manifold sense of things is your manifold sense. It is useless to fathom it in things. And this probably explains why the solitary went into the desert, and fathomed the thing but not himself.
Then he said: “Dear Ammonius, I have delightful tidings for you: God has become flesh in his son and has brought us all salvation.” “What are you saying,” I called, “you probably mean Osiris, who shall appear in the mortal body?
“No,” the old man insisted, “he was the Son of God.” “Then you mean Horus the son of Osiris, don’t you?”
I answered.
“No, he was not Horus, but a real man, and he was hung from a cross.” “Oh, but this must be Seth, surely; whose punishments our old ones have often described.”But the old man stood by his conviction and said: “He died and rose up on the third day.”
“Well, then he must be Osiris,” I replied impatiently.“No,” he cried, “he is called Jesus the anointed one.”
”Ah, you really mean this Jewish God, whom the poor honor at the harbor, and whose unclean mysteries they celebrate in cellars.” “He was a man and yet the Son of God,” said the old man staring at me intently.
“That’s nonsense, dear old man,” I said, and showed him to the door. But like an echo from distant rock faces the words returned to me: a man and yet the Son of God. It seemed significant to me, and this phrase was what brought me to Christianity.
I: “But don’t you think that Christianity could ultimately be a transformation of your Egyptian teachings?”
A: “If you say that our old teachings were less adequate expressions of Christianity, then I’m more likely to agree with you.”
(6) Death
Main proponents: Jung, the Death
Main action: Wandering the Northern land meeting death
Main thought: We need the coldness of death to see clearly. Life wants to live and to die, to begin and to end.74 You are not forced to live eternally; but you can also die, since there is a will in you for both.
We answered: “Stranger, you may well stand by me, if it is not too cold for you. As you can see, I am cold and my heart has never beaten.”
“I know, you are ice and the end; you are the cold silence of the stones; and you are the highest snow on the mountains and the most extreme frost of outer space. I must feel this and that’s why
I stand near you.” “What leads you here to me, you living matter? The livings are never guests here.
When I see the lamentation and nonsense of the earth and consequently enter death with a covered head, then everything I see will indeed turn to ice. But in the shadow world the other rises, the red sun.
The ancients said: Inter faeces et urinas nascimur. For three nights I was assaulted by the horrors of birth. On the third night junglelike.
(7) The Remains of the Earlier Temples
Main proponents: Jung, the Devil two strange journey men probably: an old monk and a tall gangly thin man with a childish gait and discolored red clothes. The all one is the Red Rider. The old monk is Ammonius.
Main action: wide meadows spread out before me-a carpet of flowers-soft hills-a fresh green wood in the distance.
Main thought: They had got caught in the muck, and so they called the living a devil and traitor. Because both of them believed in themselves and in their own goodness, each in their own way, they ultimately became mired in the natural and conclusive burial ground of all outlived ideals.
Ammonius exclaims horrified: ”Apage, Satanas!” The Red One: “Damned pagan riffraff!” I: “But my dear friends, what’s wrong with you? I’m the Hyperborean stranger, who visited you, Oh Ammonius, in the desert.84 And I’m the watchman whom you, Red One, once visited.” Ammonius: “I recognize you, you supreme devil. My downfall began with you.” The Red One looks at him reproachfully and gives him a poke in the ribs. The monk sheepishly stops. The Red One turns haughtily toward me.R: ”Already at that time I couldn’t help thinking that you lacked a noble disposition, notwithstanding your hypocritical seriousness. Your damned Christian play-act-“
The Red Book: Liber Secundus, Chapters VIII-XI
The healing of Izdubar
(8) First day
Main proponents: Jung, enormous man with bullhead (Izdubar)
Main action: Discussion with Izdubar
Main thought: The outer opposition is an image of my inner opposition.
I: “In the course of the centuries men have made many discoveries, through precise observation and the science of outer things.” Iz: “But this science is the awful magic that has lamed me. How can it be that you are still alive even though you drink from this poison every day?”
I: “We’ve grown accustomed to this over time, because men get used to everything. But we’re still somewhat lamed. On the other hand, this science also has great advantages, as you’ve seen.What we’ve lost in terms of force, we’ve rediscovered many times through mastering the force of nature.”
Iz: “Isn’t it pathetic to be so wounded? For my part, I draw my own force from the force of nature. I leave the secret force to the cowardly conjurers and womanly magicians. If I crush another’s skull to pulp, that will stop his awful magic.”
I: “But don’t you realize how the touch of our magic has worked upon you? Terribly; I think.”
Iz: “Unfortunately; you are right.”
(9) Second Day
Main proponents: Jung, Izdubar who is sick
Main action: Carrying Izdubar to the Western Land (Land of the Death in Egypt). Jung reduced Izdubar to the size of an egg so he could secretly carry Izdubar into the house and enable his healing.
Main thought: Jung said to Aniela Jaffe concerning these sections that some of the fantasies were driven by fear, such as the chapter on the devil and the chapter on Gilgamesh-Izdubar.
Set the egg before you, the God in his beginning. And behold it. And incubate it with the magical warmth of your gaze.
(10) The Incantations
Main proponents: Jung, Izdubar who is in the Egg
Main action: Christmas has come. The God is in the egg.
Main thought: In “Dreams,” Jung wrote: “17 I 1917 Tonight: awful and formidable avalanches come crashing down the mountainside, like utterly nightmarish clouds; they will fill the valley on whose rim I am standing on the opposite side. His soul tells him to help the Gods and to sacrifice to them. She tells him that the worm crawls up to Heaven, it begins to cover the stars and with a tongue of fire he eats the dome of the seven blue heavens. The God is coming, Jung should get ready to receive him.
My God, I love you as a mother loves the unborn whom she carries in her heart. Grow in the egg of the East, nourish yourself from my love, drink the juice of my life so that you will become a radiant God. We need your light, oh child. Since we go in darkness, light up our paths. May your light shine before us, may our fire warm the coldness of our life. We do not need your power but life.
(11) The Opening of the Egg
Main proponents: Jung, Izdubar who is healed
Main action: Izdubar comes out of the Egg
Main thought: Nature is playful and terrible. Some see the playful side and dally with it and let it sparkle. Others see the horror and cover their heads and are more dead than alive. The way does not lead between both, but embraces both. It is both cheerful play and cold horror.
Iz: Where am I How narrow it is here, how dark, how cool-am I in the graver Where was I ? It seemed to me as if I had been outside in the universe-over and under me was an endlessly dark star ,glittering sky and I was in a passion of unspeakable yearning.Streams of fire broke from my radiating body- I surged through blazing flames. I swam in a sea that wrapped me in living fires- Full of light, full of longing, full of eternity- I was ancient and perpetually renewing myself- Falling from the heights to the depths, and whirled glowing from the depths to the heights hovering around myself amidst glowing clouds as raining embers beating down like the foam of the surf, engulfing/ myself in stiffing heat-Embracing and rejecting myself in a boundless game-Where was I was completely sun. “
I: “Oh Izdubar! Divine one! How wonderful! You are healed!”
The Red Book: Liber Secundus, Chapters XII-XIII
The descent to the hell
(12) Hell
Main proponents: Jung, young maiden, death,
Main action: Jung reached the underworld
Main thought: No one should be astonished that men are so far removed from one another that they cannot understand one another, that they wage war and kill one another. One should be much more surprised that men believe they are close, understand one another and love one another.
(13) The Sacrificial Murder
Main proponents: Jung, a woman with covered by an impenetrable veil –his soul
Main action: Jung eats gods liver
Main thought: The sacrifice has been accomplished: the divine child, the image of the God’s formation, is slain, and I have eaten from the sacrificial flesh. The child, that is, the image of the God’s formation, not only bore my human craving, but also enclosed all the primordial and elemental powers that the sons of the sun possess as an inalienable inheritance. The God needs all this for his genesis.
S: “So, take part in his act, abase yourself and eat. I need atonement.”
I: “So shall it be for your sake, as you are the soul of this child.” I kneel down on the stone, cut off a piece of the liver and put it in my mouth. My gorge rises-tears burst from my eye cold sweat covers my brow-a dull sweet taste of blood I swallow with desperate efforts-it is impossible-once again and once again I almost faint-it is done. The horror has been accomplished.
S: “I thank you.”
She throws her veil back-a beautiful maiden with ginger hair. S: “Do you recognize me?”
I: “How strangely familiar you are! Who are you?”
S: “I am your soul.”
The Red Book: Liber Secundus, Chapters XIV-XVIII
The Library, the Kitchen, and the Madhouse
(14) Divine Folly
Main proponents: Jung, a librarian
Main action: In a hall. Reflections about Thomas a Kempis’s The Imitation of Christ.
Main thought: The Imitation of Christ exhorts people to be concerned with the inner spiritual life as opposed to outer things, gives advice as to how this is to be lived: ”Anyone who wishes to understand and to savor the words of Christ to the full must try to make his whole life conform to the pattern of Christ’s life”
(15) Nox Secunda
Main proponents: Jung, fat women in kitchen, Ezechiel (Anabaptist), fellow believers on pilgrimage, two doctors
Main action: Treated in a large sickroom.
Main thought: Every man has a quiet place in his soul, where everything is self-evident and easily explainable, a place to which he likes to retire from the confusing possibilities of life, because there everything is simple and clear, with a manifest and limited purpose. And even this place is a smooth surface, an everyday wall, nothing more than a snugly sheltered and frequently polished crust over the mystery of chaos.
(16) Nox tercia
Main proponents: Jung, Soul, Professor, the Fool
Main action: treated in a madhouse
Main thought: Commenting on transformation of Judeo- Christian God an incarnation of God after Christ”Ever since John the apocalyptist experienced for the first time (perhaps unconsciously) the conflict into which Christianity inevitably leads, mankind is burdened with this: God wanted and wants to become man” (CW II, §739). In Jung’s view, there was a direct link between John’s views and Master Eckhart’s views and points to the pleroma, and the future birth of the divine child, who, in accordance with the divine trend toward incarnation. This metaphysical process is known as the individuation process in the psychology of the unconscious.
You can never deny your knowledge of good and evil to yourself, so that you could betray your good in order to live evil.For as soon as you separate good and evil, you recognize them. He who cannot bear doubt does not bear himself. Such a one is doubtful; he does not grow and hence he does not live. Doubt is the sign of the strongest and the weakest. The strong have doubt, but doubt has the weak. My speech is neither light nor dark, since it is the speech of someone who is growing.
(17) Nox quarta
Main proponents: Jung, Soul, librarian
Main action: Jung joins a Wagner opera during the last act. One must kneel down as the Good Friday service begins: Parsifal enters-slowly
Main thought: In Parsifal, Wagner presented his reworking of the Grail legend. The plot runs as follows: Titurel and his Christian knights have the Holy Grail in their keeping in their castle, with a sacred spear to guard it. Klingsor is a sorcerer who seeks the Grail. Parsifal defeats Klingsor’s knights. Kundry is transformed into a beautiful woman, and she kisses him. In the discussion, Jung said: “Wagner’s exhaustive treatment of the legend of the Holy Grail and Parsifal would need to be supplemented with the synthetic view that the various figures correspond to various artistic aspirations. -The incest barrier will not serve to explain that Kundry’s ensnarement fails; instead this has to do with the activity of the psyche to elevate human aspirations ever higher
(18) The Three prophecies
Main proponents: Jung, Soul
Main action: Jung’s soul gave ancient things that pointed to the future. She gave me three things: The misery of war, the darkness of magic, and the gift of religion.
Main thought: A free man knows only free Gods and devils that are self-contained and take effect on account of their own force. If they fail to have an effect, that is their own business, and I can remove this burden from myself But if they are effective, they need neither my protection nor my care, nor my belief.
S: “Will you accept what I bring?”
I: ”’I will accept what you give. I do not have the right to judge or to reject.”
S: So listen.
The Red Book: Liber Secundus, Chapters XIX-XXI
Magic, Symbols and the Critique of Reason
(19) The Gift of Magic
Main proponents: Jung, Soul
Main action: Jung’s soul gets magic rod.
Main thought: Abyss, give birth to the unredeemed. Who is our redeemer? Who our leader? Where are the ways through black wastes? God, do not abandon us!
S: “Well, then, raise your hands and receive what comes to you.”
I: “What is it? A rod? A black serpent? A black rod, formed like a serpent-with two pearls as eyes-a gold bangle around its neck. Is it not like a magical rod?”
S: “It is a magical rod.”
I: “What should I do with magic? Is the magical rod a misfortune? Is magic a misfortune?”
S: “Yes, for those who possess it.”
(20) The Way of the Cross
Main proponents: Jung, Soul
Main action: Jung saw the black serpent, as it wound itself upward around the wood of the cross. It crept into the body of the crucified and emerged again transformed from his mouth. The black snake transformed into become white. It wound itself around the head of the dead one like a diadem, and a light gleamed above his head, and the sun.
Main thought: The symbol is the word that goes out of the mouth, that one does not simply speak, but that rises out of the depths of the self as a word of power and great need and places itself unexpectedly on the tongue.
The ancients devised magic to compel fate. They needed it to determine outer fate. We need it to determine inner fate and to find the way that we are unable to conceive.
(21) The Magician
Main proponents: Jung, Philemon ( the magician) and his wife, Bankis, Salome Serpent
Main action: Jung’s soul gave ancient things that pointed to the future. She gave me three things: The misery of war, the darkness of magic, and the gift of religion.
Main thought: The devil is the sum of the darkness of human nature. He who lives in the light strives toward being the image of God; he who lives in the dark strives toward being the image of the devil. Because I wanted to live in the light, the sun went out for me when I touched the depths. It was dark and serpentlike.I united myself with it and did not overpower it. I took my part of the humiliation and subjugation upon myself, in that I took on the nature of the serpent.
Elijah and Salome! The cycle is completed and the gates of the mysteries have opened again. Elijah leads Salome, the seeing one, by the hand. She blushes and lowers her eyes while lovingly batting her eyelids.
E: “Here, I give you Salome. May she be yours.”
I: “For God’s sake, what should I do with Salome? I am already married and we are not among the Turks.”
E: “You helpless man, how ponderous you are. Is this not a beautiful gift? Is her healing not your doing? Won’t you accept her love as the well-deserved payment for your trouble?”
I: “It seems to me a rather strange gift, more burden than joy. I am happy that Salome is thankful to me and loves me. I love her too-somewhat. Incidentally, the care I afforded her, was, literally, pressed out of me, rather than something I gave freely and intentionally. If my partly unintentional 1 ordeal has had such agood outcome, I’m already completely satisfied.”
Salome to Elijah: “Leave him, he is a strange man. Heaven knows what his motives are, but he seems to be serious. I’m not ugly and surely I’m generally desirable.”
Salome to me: “Why do you refuse me? I want to be your maid and serve you. I will sing and dance before you, fend off people for you, comfort you when you are sad, laugh with you when you are happy. I will carry all your thoughts in my heart. I will kiss the words that you speak to me. I will pick roses for you each day and all my thoughts will wait upon you and surround you.”
I: “I thank you for your love”.
The Red Book: Liber Tertitius – Scrutinies (I)
Philosophical and Theological Reflections. The Scrutinies consists of the Black Books 5-6 (April 1914-June 1916), Septem Sermones (1916) a handwritten and printed draft of the Red book. There are three parts, of which part and III be a final reflection after the individuation.
I, Self, Prophet, Soul and God
The Red Book: Liber Tertitius Scrutinies (II)
“The Seven Sermons to the Dead” I have written about this in another article. This version is expanded.
The Red Book: Liber Tertitius Scrutinies (III)
Final Encounters with Elijah and Salome and Reflections
Sources
Biographical Scholarship: Toni Wolff & C. G. Jung: A Collaboration (2017) by Nan Savage Healy, Ph.D. (Funded via grants from the Joseph Campbell Foundation and Harvard University’s Countway Library of Medicine). Historical Biography: Jung: A Biography (2003) by Deirdre Bair (Winner of the National Book Award). Primary Text History: The Red Book: Liber Novus (Edited and introduced by prominent historian Sonu Shamdasani, 2009)
The Red Book (German Version). 2008 Pictures: Taken from a pdf published and freely available on the internet under public domain.
This article will try to summarise the narrative of Jesus’ Passion (the period between Easter and Ascension) based on Abraxas some Gnostic writings . We will particularly view the 1500 year old scripts of the Nag Hammadi library discovered in Egypt in 1945 and show strange repeating tracks in a supposedly pathless world of truth. On the other and is the recent development in Africa and Latin America, where population growth and contraction look poised to reduce European domination radically while a boom in many southern states continues apace. When turning to religious indicators, all of them suggest that the surge in southern Christianity has barely begun – and raises another problem, largely ignored by a self centered Chatholic Curie . The surge in Christanity in Africa and Lation America is due to Pentecostalism, Protestant renewal movement that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. Most Christians will follow the lead of the new elected Pope in Rome and celebrate Easter in four weeks. Pentecost reminds to the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, as described in the second chapter of the Book of Acts.Will be 2013 the Easter of Abraxas or Pentecostal?
cross-shine
The time between Easter and Ascension of Jesus has an important place in Christian Gnosticism. And, what is perhaps more surprising is that Gnosis and Easter are not mutually exclusive, although most secrets of the faith are virtually nonexistent in Gnosticism.
Easter marks the beginning of the Christian Church calendar, namely in recollection of the resurrection by Jesus after his crucifixion. Easter weekend is the culmination of the Christian faith, every other aspect of the religion being merely a footnote. But the Easter celebration is actually timeless, since the dying and rising is a classic motif found in many cultures representing the renewal of various aspects of Creation and nature. The Christian story, however, is very powerful: “O Death where is thy sting? O Hell where is thy victory? Christ is risen, and thou are overthrown. Christ is risen, and the demons are fallen. Christ is risen, and the angels rejoice. Christ is risen, and life reigns. Christ is risen, and not one dead remains in the grave. For Christ, being risen from the dead, is become the first fruits of those who have fallen asleep. To Him be glory and dominion unto ages of ages. Amen.” Lets see how the Gnostic versions compare to this.
Gnostic roots
Gnostic Roots
The Gnostics derived their leading doctrines and ideas from Plato and Philo of Alexandria, the Zend-avesta (Zoroastrianism), the Kabalah, and the Sacred books of India and Egypt; and thus introduced into the core of Christianity the cosmological and theosophical speculations. Those had formed the larger portion of the ancient religions of the Orient, joined to those of the Egyptian, Greek, and Jewish doctrines and were adopted by the Neo-Platonists. Mythologists have revealed strong Gnostic similarities with the Egyptian and Persian gods and Easter derive from very ancient times, including the holiday known as Sham el Nessim, which may have been celebrated as early as 4,500 years ago. It falls immediately on the first Monday following the Coptic Easter and it was related to agriculture in ancient Egypt which contained fertility rites that were later attached to Christianity and the celebration of Easter. Christians celebrate Easter on Sunday after the first spring full moon, which ties Easter to the vernal equinox (spring equal night). Linguistically the name “Easter” seems to be older than the Christianity itself. It can be derived from germanic “Ostara”, in the Anglo-Saxon it is Eastre or Eostre, the goddess of fertility and also a derivation of the name Ishtar, the Babylonian and Assyrian goddess of the love and fertility.
Gnostics and Plato
In Plato’s work we recognize dualism already. Platon makes a distinction between the world of the ideas and the discernible empiric world in the famous cage metaphor. However, the shadow is an effigy of the world of ideas, and thus the difference to the Gnosis becomes clear. For Plato both worlds hang together because of its dynamism (“prototype effigy theory”). Therefore, with Plato there is no radical separation of both worlds of each other and no refusal of the discernible world. Plotinus works from the 2nd century A.D. makes this particularly clear: “This world is so nice that there can be no one else who would be nicer.” A Gnostic could never say this.
The dualism of the Gnostics
The dualism of the Gnostics is more radical with two conflicting principles which are radically opposed. Good and fair stand against bad and evil, namely from the outset. Therefore for the Gnostic exits also a good and a bad world. Both worlds are separated radically of each other. A harmonization of the prototype and from the effigy does not succeed in the Gnosis. On the contrary: both worlds are intervened in a constant fight. Like in Buddhism to Gnosis all life is filled with suffering.
The dualism of the Christian Gnostics
Devil crushed
Before Christianity was stamped out Gnosis this radicalism has not taken over completely by Christian Gnosis. Christian Gnosis lets the world at the beginning be still a unity, a single entity. This state shows a sort of pre-beginning. It decreases to a divine principle which is not, however, identically with our God. This pre-beginning has an ancestor not at all known to the imperfect creator. Nevertheless, the unity of the world in its old state is actually meaningless. Since directly a part of this world from this monistic origin fell out. Cause for it was a fight in these first ones, the divine world at whose end a part from the divine Pleroma left this world in free choice. Secondly, the sensuous, earthly world, a world fallen from the outset originates from it from the first world. This is an image which can be also found in the New Testament, the second major part of the Christian biblical canon theology with several strong statements. The empire clearly hit back.
Christian Gnostic
Gnosis is defined by the Catholic Encyclopedia as follows: “Whereas Judaism and Christianity, and almost all pagan systems, hold that the soul attains its proper end by obedience of mind and will to the Supreme Power, i.e. by faith and works, it is markedly peculiar to Gnosticism that it places the salvation of the soul merely in the possession of a quasi-intuitive knowledge of the mysteries of the universe and of magic formulae indicative of that knowledge.”
Many Gods of panentheism, either polytheism or monotheism had been conceived in various degrees of abstraction. The character Gnosis being mystic rather than religion, however, is inherently parasitic and syncretistic. Apparently like a virus, its construct of ideas cannot exist without a host. Gnosticism holds on to existing ideas and enters a connection with them. There is – as mentioned in other articles – for example, a Jewish (Cabals) and Islam Gnosis (Sufi). The Gnosis need a substrate around for its speculations. Accordingly it also came to a connection of gnostic body of thought with the Christianity two times in history ( the Templars being a secondary infection). As one of many variants, the Gnosis a Christian-gnostic announcement developed. The Roman Church acknowledged after struggling more to the divine or the human side with clear simplicity and crisp definition the concept of Trinity in Pope Leos creed. In opposition to Gnostic idealism, the Church avowed its faith in the real historical facts, that the Son of God truly became man, was born of the Virgin Mary, was truly crucified and died, truly rose again. Thus the Church rescued Christianity (See the review of Jesus Wars).
Gnostic concept of Christ
It has no interest in Jesus as a saviour and bearer of human redemption by taking away our sins by ding on the cross. In the Christian Gnosis the divine revelation is sufficient and equated quite simply with the of person Jesus Christ. For Gnostics Jesus Christ is nothing more than the personification of this divine revelation and the historic (and human) Jesus plays basically no role. He can’t, actually, because otherwise the saviour would be tied too strongly to this imperfect world in the the negative gnostic worldview. From there it is not surprising that for the Gnosis the earthly life of Jesus is rather dull. Above all, only the period between Easter and Ascension is important here and highlighted in primarily by gnostic texts.
In gnostic view Jesus has brought in a hermaphroditic shape revelation exactly during this tim to a select circle. The historic Jesus is almost counter productive for the role of a gnostic redeemer, and therefore is suppressed in most gnostic strains until almost nothing more is left. It is simply not comprehensible for the Gnosis that there should be a connection of God with this discernible world. With that the incarnation of Jesus Christ as Good into a Human could only be a an illusion. Which of course, in Christian terminology is called Docetism, according to which the phenomenon of Christ, his historical and bodily existence, and thus above all the human form of Jesus and his death, was altogether merely an illusion without any true. reality. The name comes from the Greek word [“dokein”], “seem”, and although Christ appears in the flesh, however, he is no “incarnation in flesh”. He seems only in such a way, the body of Jesus is completely thought as a false body or somebody else. Of course the atonement of the death of Christ in the Gnosticism caused by refusal of the worldly flesh.
Gnostic concept of redemption
redemption_
The redemption takes place in Gnosis completely by the revelation. Only the Greek word [“logos”], “word” is authoritative. The central concern of the Gnosis the knowledge and redemption given to the person on the way, who is trapped within a body thrown in an imperfect world. Besides, Gnosticism not about an intellectual and holistic knowledge processes. The object of the knowledge is first of all the person. The person recognises himself (better his divine spark) in the Gnosis, his origin and meaning. Accordingly the basic questions of the Gnosis can be outlined with Clemens of Alexandria:
“Who were we? What have we become? Where were we? Where have we thrown into? Where do we hurry? What are we released from? What is birth, and what is rebirth?”
It is important that the answers to these questions can’t be answered simply by a person. Gnosis is not rational and logical. The individual cannot find the answers to these questions by personal enlightenment either. One wins knowledge only if it is given to one, by being initiated. Therefore, Gnosis is about recognising revealed message. It is significant that the knowledge is intended for all people, but not all will receive it. Therefore Gnosticism defines itself as an “elitarian” knowledge which is given only to few chosen.
The gnostic world
Therefore, for the purposes of the Gnosis the sensuous world is something what was not planned, actually, not at all, rather something what might not have been. The second world is actually, something what should not be. The completely anti-cosmic position of the Gnosis arises from this. While the first world from divine (Pleroma) is surrounded so by the divine fullness, the second world is a world absolutely divorced from the divine space. This world is original nothing else than an emptiness. Now, however,from the first world sparks of the Pleroma got in us, parts from the divine world fell in the sensuous world.
Gnostic concept of Men
Sivine Spark
Divine sparks represent – one can probably say with restrictions – the human souls. According to Gnosis we are fallen souls caught within the body, within the flesh. The person carries a spark from the world of the divine Pleroma which is caught in the visible world, living dazed and ignorant, knowing nothing of it. Humans are like “a light ray in the darkness” or “woman in the brothel” or like “gold in the dirt”. The divine revelation releases the soul with it call from the world, coming from the space of the divine Pleroma and releasing Gnosis, knowledge.
Since, to the best of my ability, I have explained the unknown Gnosis, it seemed expedient likewise to give an example. The difference in the translation is strikingly. This psalm of theirs has been composed to celebrate all Gnostic mysteries in a Christianized psalm, the Psalm of the Nazarene ;
Homesick, drunken, sleepy and ignorant live the humans in our sensual world.
The world’s producing law was Primal Mind, And next was First-born’s outpoured Chaos; And third, the soul received its law of toil: Encircl’d, therefore, with an acqueous form, With care overpowered it succumbs to death. Now holding sway, it eyes the light, And now it weeps on misery flung; Now it mourns, now it thrills with joy; Now it wails, now it hears its doom; Now it hears its doom, now it dies, And now it leaves us, never to return.
Werdegesetz von allem war der erste Nous, Der zweite nach dem ersten war das Chaos, ausgeschüttet. Als drittes nahm die Psyche das Gesetz der Arbeit. Drum ist sie wie der Hirsch ins Fell gehüllt. Gepackt von Todesangst hetzt sie dahin.Bald hat sie Raum, sieht Licht, Bald weint ins Elend sie geworfen, bald lacht sie auf und weint doch schon. Bald weint sie auf und wird verdammt.Bald dann verdammt, fühlt sie das Sterben. Bald wird ihr Rückkehr. Die Unselige!
The godly revelation frees the soul with a call of the other world. Coming from the realm of Plemora it leads to the secret knowledge.
It, hapless straying, treads the maze of ills. But Jesus said, Father, behold, A strife of ills across the earth Wanders from thy breath (of wrath); But bitter Chaos (man) seeks to shun, And knows not how to pass it through.
Sie lief verwirrt ins Labyrinth.Da sprach Jesus: ” Schau doch, Vater! Als Beute des Bösen schweift`s über die Erde, Und doch von Deinem Hauch gebildet, Versucht`s zu fliehen bitteres Chaos, Und weiss doch nicht, wie durchzukommen.
On this account, O Father, send me; Bearing seals, I shall descend; Through ages whole I’ll sweep, All mysteries I’ll unravel, And forms of Gods I’ll show; And secrets of the saintly path, Styled “Gnosis,” I’ll impart.
Aus diesem Grunde schick mich, Vater. Mit Siegeln will herab ich steigen,Will jeden der Äonen überwandern, Mysterien, sie all offen machen.Die Gottgestalten will ich weisen: Das Abgetretene des heiligen Weges, Gnosis rufend, will ich bereiten”.
It needs a revelation to reveal the truth. But the Jesus of the Gnostic is quite different from the Jesus one knows from Christianity. According to Vaentinus: The compassionate, faithful Jesus was patient in his sufferings until he took that book, since he knew that his death meant life for many. Just as in the case of a will which has not yet been opened, for the fortune of the deceased master of the house is hidden, so also in the case of the All which had been hidden as long as the Father of the All was invisible and unique in himself, in whom every space has its source. For this reason Jesus appeared. He took that book as his own. He was nailed to a cross. He affixed the edict of the Father to the cross.’
In other words, the death of Jesus and Gnosis are truly in many Valentinian belief systems. In a sense, The Crossis the Tree of Knowledge (Gnosis)
The passion narrative in Gnosis
Many Gnostic texts, like The Letter of Peter to Phillip and The Gospel of Mary simply see the death and resurrection drama as a small intermission in the imparting of Gnosis by Jesus, as well as a test of faith for his followers. The great mysteries are truly passed on after Jesus has returned in an angelic shape and can no longer be harassed by the Archons. Some Gnostics were simply against the idea that Jesus Christ could suffer on Earth (or that he even possessed a human form). In The Apocalypse of Peter, Jesus mocks his execution and the spectacle around it, stating that it is actually Jehovah who has been replaced on the Cross: ‘Be strong, for you are the one to whom these mysteries have been given, to know them through revelation, that he whom they crucified is the first-born, and the home of demons, and the stony vessel in which they dwell, of Elohim, of the cross, which is under the Law. But he who stands near him is the living Savior, the first in him, whom they seized and released, who stands joyfully looking at those who did him violence, while they are divided among themselves. Therefore he laughs at their lack of perception, knowing that they are born blind.’
In The Acts of John, Jesus appears to the Apostle John after the crucifixion. He explains to the ‘Beloved Disciple’ that there were two crosses at Golgotha. One was the Cross of Light that stands above the material world and is the doorway to faith, hope, wisdom and the Pleroma itself. The other was the Cross of Wood that represents the lower nature of humanity dominant within all those who witnessed the crucifixion of nothing more than a phantom.
A person is no longer part of the crowds under the Cross of Wood staring at phantoms but within the Cross of Light, filled with faith, hope, wisdom and even the Pleroma: “Understand me then as the slaying of a Word, wound of a Word, hanging of a Word, suffering of a Word, fastening of a Word, death of a Word, resurrection of a Word, and defining this Word, I mean every man!”
Christ and human had become one.
The Gnostic Sage Basilides also believed that the crucifixion was a hoax to mock Jahweh, except that Simon of Cyrene was nailed to a cross. The Second Treatise to the Great Seth has a Simon replacing Jesus, but it’s unclear which Simon. This idea of Jesus avoiding his death by a slight of divine hand was later adopted by Islam, raising additional arguments to claims od historians that Mohammed might have been in contact with Gnostic sects and that the Koran itself was an amalgam of some heresies circulating among some Christians in the Seventh Century.
Despite the varied beliefs in Gnosticism, there is a common thread on most versions of the Passion narrative: The Savior arrives in a form recognizable to humans; his form is destroyed by the demons who rule the universe and lastly he returns in an astral manifestation to impart his greatest teachings to those who both had faith and understood his message from the beginning.
And because Gnostics believe in becoming Christlike while alive, the death and resurrection of The Savior symbolizes part of the process of Gnosis itself. You might remember my article and Death of the Ego as prerequisite to find God orC.G. Jung’s Self in Quaternio Series of Aion – Jesus or Abraxas? An individual who seeks ultimate spiritual freedom must get over his Ego, which is attached to the material world to reach the Self. This is found very differently in C.G. Jung’s thoughts, here the Ego must establish a channel to the Self. It has to be noted that C.G. Jung sees this Self also as Christlike.
Gnostic Deity
Barbelo
Barbelo is the primary goddess of Gnostic Magic. She equates to the Egyptian Nut, and also to Babalon, the Enoch’s goddess. The worship of Barbelo was so great, that one of the names given to the Gnostics was the Barbeloites. She is the first reflex of divinity, called the Invisible Spirit. As the Invisible Spirit is pure subjectivity, so Barbelo is pure objectivity, the two forming the first and most fundamental of all dualities.
Seth
The Egyptian Set and the Gnostic Seth are both equivalent to the Hindu Siva (sometimes spelled Shiva), the god of destruction, but also the god of mystics, yogis, and magicians. Christian theologians have equated Seth with Satan, but mythical he represents the spiritual impulse that opposes all material manifestation. The four letters of his name represent a synthesis (S) of science (E) and the reasoning processes (T) within the mind (H), identical with gnosis; an direct awareness and understanding of knowledge.
Norea
Norea , the Gnostic equivalent of the Egyptian goddess, Nephthys, is the name of Seth’s sister, the fourth child of Adam and Eve. Norea is always shown in Gnostic literature as highly intelligent and given to spiritual insight. In the Hypostasis of the Archons she is “an assistance for many generations of humankind.” However, Jewish tradition has equated Norea with wickedness, and, like Set/Seth, having a demonic nature.
Sophia
The Greek word Sophia means wisdom. Sophia was a goddess assigned to the thirteenth Aeon under the great Angel Eleleth . The Gnostics taught that it was Sophia who, on her own and without a masculine consort, gave birth to the material universe by creating the demiurge, Ialdabaoth. She then repented of her deed, but meanwhile the material world had come into existence. She represents spiritual capability and desire for expression that created . It is also interesting Sophia takes the form of The Tree of Knowledge in The Secret Book of John).
Ialdabaoth
This is the demiurge or archdemon who rules the worlds of manifestation below the Abyss. He was created by Sophia. The Gnostics equated Ialdaboth with the Hebrew Jehovah. Ialdabaoth represents physicality, the logic and reason of the human mind.
Sabaoth
The son of Ialdabaoth who saw the wickedness of his father and repented. Because his repentance was sincere, the gods granted him divine assistance.
Abraxas
Abraxas, is a Gnostic solar deity associated Yeshu (Jesus) and by the ancients with Yahweh, Mithras and the Celtic Belenus. Amulets and seals bearing with a figure of a cock head and the legs of serpents were used in the thirteenth century in the seals of the Knights Templar. A god of time and ruler of the days of the year, Abraxas bestows gifts on those who call to him; especially protection from all manner of harm. By medieval times, Abraxas was relegated to the ranks of demons. The image most associated with Abraxas is that of a composite creature with the head of a rooster, the body of a man, and legs made of serpents or scorpions. He carries a whip and shield, called wisdom and power, respectively. The word Abraxas was first proposed by the Alexandrian Gnostic scholar Basilides, and is created using the first letters of the names of the seven visible planets. The letters in Abraxas add to 365, the number of days in a solar year, and the number of Aeons, or divine emanations, in Gnostic cosmology. Each of the seven letters represents one of the seven planetary powers. Church father Tertullian, speaking of Basilides’ and Abraxas:
“Afterwards broke out the heretic Basilides. He affirms that there is a supreme Deity, by name Abraxas, by whom was created Mind, which in Greek he calls Nous; that thence sprang the Word; that of Him issued Providence, Virtue, and Wisdom; that out of these subsequently were made Principalities, powers, and Angels; that there ensued infinite issues and processions of angels; that by these angels 365 heavens were formed, and the world, in honour of Abraxas, whose name, if computed, has in itself this number. Now, among the last of the angels, those who made this world, he places the God of the Jews latest, that is, the God of the Law and of the Prophets, whom he denies to be a God, but affirms to be an angel.”
Basilides wrote, “God and devil are distinguished by the qualities fullness and emptiness, generation and destruction. Effectiveness common to both. Effectiveness joined them. Effectiveness, therefore, standeth above both; ia a god above god, since in its effect it united fullness and emptiness. This is a god whom ye knew not, for mankind forgot it. We name it by its name ABRAXAS.” And later he writes, “In this world is man Abraxas, the creator and the destroyer of his own world.”
The Swiss psychologist C.G. Jung wrote a Gnostic treatise in 1916 called Seven Sermons to the Dead, which called Abraxas a God higher than the Christian God and Devil, that combines all opposites into one Being. under the pen name of the ancient Gnostic sage called Basilides of Alexandria, who was a strong proponent of Abraxas. The Nobel prize winning novelist Herman Hesse uses Abraxas in his novel Demian, which explores the themes of good and evil. And the popular jazz guitarist Carlos Santana called an album Abraxas in the 70s.
Religion or a psychology?
NagHammadi Hidden in 345 AD. By whom? Why? For what future purpose? No one knows,
C. G. Jung had shown a pronounced and informed interest in Gnosticism and Alchemy. This is evident in the Quaternio Series of the Self in his book. “Aion“. Was Jung really a Gnostic? I seems to me, that “Aion” and another late work The “Answer to Job” give some evidence to the assertion: No, he wasn’t.
Throughout the twentieth Century the new scientific discipline of depth psychology has gained much prominence. The depth psychologists who have shown a pronounced and informed interest in Gnosticism was to C. G. Jung. Jung was instrumental in calling attention to the Nag Hammadi library of Gnostic writings in the 1950’s because he perceived the outstanding psychological relevance of Gnostic insights. His Red Book and the mentioned Seven Sermons to the Dead are famous psychoanalytical Gnostic texts.
In pantheism the universe is God whereas in deism the supreme deity is cold and indifferent (and unaware) to its creation like Abraxas. This main symbol (or word) for the Gnostic God, Abraxas, is known from the Gnostic writings of Simon Magus, father of the Gnostics and Basilides of Egypt. C.G. Jung described a three stages of human perception of God. The first stage was that God appears undifferentiated. The second stage is the moral dualism perception of personal benevolent God(s) and evil Devil(s) in which they are separated. The final stage is the integration of the good and the evil. One example for a thoroughly dualistic view is Abraxas. The name stands in connection with Mithras, also with one of Homer’s solar horses, and in Greek the magic name contains the numerical of its seven letters (weekdays) adding up to 365 days of the year. In numerous representations of Abraxas is shown with serpent feet and the bird head. He symbolizes creator, thus destructive force and saviour, the unknown and unnamed God of Revelation.In The Seven Sermons to the Dead C. G. Jung says
Jung’s reflections had long been immersed in the thought of the ancient Gnostics to such an extent that he considered them the as on of many form where religion is applied of ‘depth psychology’ . Gnosis, albeit in its form of universal religion helped him to clarify, if not invent, the nature of Jungian spiritual therapy.
jung_jesus
Is Gnosticism a religion or a psychology? The answer is that for Sufism or spiritual Catholicism it may very-well be both. Gnostic scriptures as the Bible possess psychological relevance and applicability. For instance the blind and arrogant creator-demiurge bears a close resemblance to the alienated human ego that has lost contact with the ontological Self. Also, the myth of Sophia resembles closely the story of the human psyche that loses its connection with the collective unconscious and needs to be rescued by the Self. Analogies of this sort exist in great profusion.
C.G. Jung said once,
[Abraxas] is… a thousand-armed polyp, coiled knot of winged serpents… the hermaphrodite of the earliest beginning… the lord of toads and frogs, which live in the water… abundance that seeketh union with emptiness.”
Hesse derived his understanding of the Western and Eastern religious foundation and Gnostic thoughts from C.G. Jung’s psychology. It opened a new thinking and a new, modern and fascinating way to interpret and to make his personal experiences fruitful for his poetic work. C.G. Jung’s teaching gives him the key for the synopsis of the world religions and specifically for the combination of psychology and religion, specifically in “Demian”. Even more C.G. Jung’s psychology of religion provides the theoretical justification for the central message of Hesse in his poetry: the identity of raising consciousness and experiencing God. It confirms his own hunches and insights on the common psychological and anthropological understanding of the world religions. For Hesse Abraxas this view in the nihilistic ‘chaos’ initiates innovative and the cyclic revelation, like the ‘everlasting mother’ in his poems . Soon after he meet C. G. Jung in 1917, he originates his Demian, partly inspired from dream analyses, with symbols like the young eagle who struggles from the nest, a dark and bi-polar God similar to the bird-like demiurge Abraxas from the Gnosis which must be overcome by love.
Gnostic and Christianity in the view of the Gospels
The church and the Gnostics continued to reinterpret Jesus, such as to strengthen (or weaken) apocalyptic eschatology. In the first place we find within Luke a complete new interpretation of the oral traditions. He treats it as historical, like in 19.11 “they supposed that the kingdom of God was coming immediately ” – indicating they did not understand Jesus. Besides the synoptic gospels, a complete different matter is the Gospel of John.-
Gospel of John(Johannes)
St. John
Critical opinions a have gone back and forth and interpretation moved like the tides. In the Gospel of John, there is little of the historical Jesus and clear strains of these gnostic systems are already found. Quite clearly visible in radical separation of God’s area and world, the way of the saviour as a descent and rise, the predetermination of the released and the remedial individualism are all striking signs of gnostic mentality. Of big importance has been the the question is the Johannes Gospel seduced by thee Gnosis of was a refute of it.
Indeed, remains to note that during the long discussion some concepts has been introduced to Christian apprenticeship from gnostic philosophy, particularly this is to be felt with the speech of spirit and flesh. It is the mind who brings life; the flesh is useless:The Spirit gives life; the flesh counts for nothing. The words I have spoken to you are spirit and they are life. (Joh 6.63).
This could also have formulated quite similar from a gnostic. However, well-chosen anti-gnostic points are already visible in the first half of the Johannes Gospel :
the confession of the creator’s God immediately at the beginning in the prologue of the Gospel (Joh 1.3),
the confession of the incarnation of the saviour (Joh 1.14),
the proclamation of the atonement death of the lamb (Joh 1.29).
The sequence is informative in Joh 3,13-14: the statement of the need of the suffering is followed by a strongly gnostic sentence. It is, however, paradoxical for us, that some Gnostics have made the Gospel of John to a favorite target in the New Testament, although it is by far insufficient to confirm non-Christian doctrines, in fact rather contradicts them. One sees his father in a wonderful representation giving a clear and convincing picture, especially in the prologue, which is in fulfillment of old testament prophecies. The glory of the risen Lord is so closely connected with his earthly Ministry, that the literary freedom gives a prophetic image of uniqueness. The key, therefore, is the beautiful prologue. Logos is usually translated with “the word (of God) but could be also reason, matter, thought. I apologize, but I prefer for aesthetic and other reasons the German version (my Greek is not sufficient).
1Im Anfang war der Logos, und der Logos war bei Gott, (kai theos en ho logos) und Gott war der Logos, 2dieser war im Anfang bei Gott.
3Alles ist durch ihn geworden und ohne ihn ist nichts geworden, was geworden ist.
4In ihm war das Leben, und das Leben war das Licht der Menschen. 5Und das Licht scheint in der Finsternis, und die Finsternis hat’s nicht erfasst.
And it ends with the unseen God.
18Keiner hat Gott je gesehen. Der Eingeborene, Gott, der im Schoß des Vaters ruht, er hat Kunde gebracht.
John is clearly imitating the Genesis, attempting a complex Midrashic speculation. The first verse of the song are verse 1-5. They are a Christological recap of the book of Genesis. Two quatrains frame a central couplet illuminates the theological requirements of the creation: God is the one and only, the father; He is from eternity. Before all the time, always has logos (as it is said in Greek: the word) ben part from God being the father. The second part of verse (1.3) is defined in the horizon John’s Christology that the world of God is a good creation. The third part of verse (1.4) brings to the people, and with him the dualism of light and darkness: there is darkness. But the light is stronger. That is not Gnostic. To me that Gospel was a well designed answer to the fight between Christianity and Gnosis. It has been said, that the Christian Gnostics were the first theologians – the posted the problems at least, which were solved differently by others. Church has been never a democracy, nor is truth found by majority vote. Under the leadership of the Roman Church Christian orthodoxy was victorious so was the Good Creation over the Aeons. The Church developed the weapons in the struggle of history over free imagination, objectivity over subjectivity which in essence enabled the Renaissance ( “re-birth”, “Rinascimento”) that spanned the period roughly a millennium later spreading to the rest of Europe. Yes, something was lost, but it was a good trade off, which is unfortunately in the danger of getting lost in a very similar fight today.
the doubt
The Gospel of Thomas
The Gospel of Thomas does not refer to Jesus as “Christ” or “Lord,” as the New Testament does, but does call him “Jesus,” and “Son of Man,” which are concurrent with the canonical Gospels. The Gospel of Thomas also lacks any mention of Jesus’ birth, baptism, miracles, travels, death, and resurrection However, some of the sayings in Thomas are similar to sayings and parables found in the canonical gospels. Oddly, this most popular Gnostic Scripture, The Gospel of Thomas, makes no mention of the death and resurrection of Jesus. In saying #55, Jesus does call for those to carry a cross as he does, but some scholars believe it was a common expression in those days of widespread Jewish executions by the Romans.
The Gospel of Judas
I certainly find the “new” Judas text fascinating, and understand why it is news. Denounced by Bishop Irenaeus in 180, this “gospel” sheds light on early Gnosticism. The Sethians in The Gospel of Judas express a disdain for any type of atoning death. This is revealed in a passage where Jesus mocks the Apostles and their belief in Jewish Temple rituals that includes blood sacrifice. However, Jesus does not see his fated execution as wholly negative since it means discarding his human clothes and once again becoming an Aeon. But does finding one of those rejected texts really paint a picture of a church that is trying to hide the truth? Or is it merely evidence of — a marketing induced — editing process, something to which all reporters ought to know a thing or two about? In one gnostic gospel, Jesus asks Judas to step away from the other disciples and offers to share with him secret knowledge, which right there should be a clue that this isn’t the Jesus that the Church had known.
The Gospels of Valentinus
There are various interpretations on how the Valentinian viewed the Passion of The Savior. One of the most interesting ones is that at the moment Jesus died, a cosmic explosion erupted that fully awakened the Pneumatic (The Elect) and gave a last choice to the Psychic (those in-between the spiritual and material realms).
valentinus
In The Gospel of Truth, Valentinus himself wrote a very inspirational passage on the crucifixion:
‘For this reason error was angry with him, so it persecuted him. It was distressed by him, so it made him powerless. He was nailed to a cross. He became a fruit of the knowledge of the Father. He did not, however, destroy them because they ate of it. He rather caused those who ate of it to be joyful because of this discovery.’
The Valentinian Gospel of Philip makes a connection instead between The Cross and The Tree of Life:
‘Philip the apostle said, “Joseph the carpenter planted a garden because he needed wood for his trade. It was he who made the cross from the trees which he planted. His own offspring hung on that which he planted. His offspring was Jesus, and the planting was the cross.” But the Tree of Life is in the middle of the Garden. However, it is from the olive tree that we got the chrism, and from the chrism, the resurrection.’
In The Secret Book of James, also a Valentinian work, Jesus plainly states ‘Remember my cross and my death, and you will live!’
Not all Gnostic sects viewed the Passion narrative in such positive terms.
Conclusion
Theology has been called an intellectual formalisation around the spiritual kernel of a religion. If this is true, then it is also true that often religions are being strangled and stifled by their wrappings. Gnosticism run the opposite danger, because its world view is stated in myth rather than in theology. Myths, including the Gnostic myths, may be interpreted in diverse ways. Transcendence, numinosity, as well as psychological archetypes along with other elements, play a role in such interpretation. But we have seen how wonderful the prologue introduces the content of the Gospel of John. It refers to God’s plan, his wisdom and power to, to his only begotten (indigenous) son. John points to this intimate relationship between the father and the son, which are a distinct person. In the struggle between light and darkness, the Gospels shows that the darkness is not in the position to win this fight. God became flesh in whom we recognize in the Lord Jesus Christ and his resurrection leads to important truths the identity of Jesus which correct the doctrinal errors of the Gnostics.
Of course, the Gnostic world view has always been timely, for it always responded best to the “Zeitgeist”. Abraxas is on his peak now. Two times in history conspiracies, secret meetings, Gnosticism, and heretic thinking became popular with strong attacks on Christianity. During the “Jesus Wars”, around the Crusades and today. Christianity’s foes have argued that the Church has kept the deep mysteries away from the public as a way to enhance its control. Mystery, New Age and patchwork religion is in, but not the kind that requires self-sacrifice, following rules, agape love, and understanding difficult teachings. Which is why seemingly intelligent people will believe just about anything — and there’s nothing new under the sun, and this resurgence of Gnosticism isn’t new either. A major indicator of Gnostic is their strong Dualism. To the lure of knowledge, come easy answers. Yet today, its timeliness is increasing, for the end of the second millennium has seen the radical deterioration of many secular ideologies which and religions, even politics evaded the great questions and those are seemingly addressed and answered by Gnosticism. The mix of ambiguity and frankness, of simplicity and complexity in Gnostic answers to questions of human predicament cannot fail to impress and (in time) to “convince” the multi-media educated. Even more, because there are some pearls hidden in the mud.
Less than two weeks after the historic papal resignation, a believe is shared, that the pope emeritus was not abandoning the Church in times of difficulties. Quite the opposite. His reign saw Muslim anger, atheist anger, the usual Western postmodern noise and finally betrayal within the rotten Vatican. What he has done is enough. It seems he inherently points to a “young man” to cope with the inside and outside tide of Abraxas. In the West, a great deal of contemporary Scholarship of hidden Gospels depend on the theory that the Catholic Church has been from its foundation a conspiracy to suppress spirituality, science, women, men – you name it. Ironically this is to a degree true, “Entweltlichung” (as Benedict said) and Pentecostal might bring spirituality back. But that will not come from Europe. In all throughout the history of the Roman Catholic Church, no person from Africa or the Indian subcontinent has ever been chosen as pope. It is high time for the current conclave in Vatican City to elect a Black archbishop as Pope Benedict XVI’s successor. In 2011, a document, “Toward Reforming the International Financial and Monetary Systems in the Context of a Global Public Authority,” amounted to a call by the Vatican for a World Political and Financial Authority. It was published by the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, which is headed by Cardinal Peter Turkson today still young in church terms at 63. The media was quick—inside and outside Christianity—to see the light side raising its head against “Globals” in power. And this is where things start getting interesting. The Associated Press stated once, “The pope has appointed Cardinal Peter Turkson of Ghana to head the Vatican’s justice and peace office, a high-profile post that cements his reputation as a possible future papal candidate”. The secretary of state, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, the very one who later defended the status quo in the Vatican Bank IOR, complained furiously about Turkson’s paper, precisely when the G20 and EU was coming to its weak and uncertain actions on the global financial crisis.
Vatican watcher and journalist Andrea Tornielli had stated as much earlier, documenting how Bertone had been consolidating his influence in the Vatican: …through a number of actions: he appointed bishops who are well known to him and friends in key roles, especially in positions involving the management and control of the Holy See’s finances. The last individual appointed, was the Bishop of Alexandria Giuseppe Versaldinew, to the position of President of the Prefecture for Economic Affairs of the Holy See… On the other hand, Bertone has done away with prelates who had moved against him in some way or another, such as Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, who had left the Government office to become Nuncio (ambassador) to the United States, or Bishop Vincenzo di Mauro, who left the Office of Economic Affairs to become Archbishop of Vigevano. One might fear with some certainty that Bertone is thus a shoo-in for the New World Order role of Petrus Romanus. However, as we move into Easter 2013, cracks are suddenly appearing in the foundation of his sand castle, and not everybody in the Curia may wind up as eager to support him as they once were. Will be Cardinal Peter Turkson elected as the first Black pope in the history of the Roman Catholic Church? There are others in South America. I trust, the next pope will not be an European.
“In times of universal deceit, telling the truth becomes a revolutionary act.” – George Orwell – Happy Gnostic or Catholic Easter.
Appendix
Secondary literature about or around Abraxas and Gnostics